. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 22.

Published in final edited form as: J Hazard Mater. 2016 Jul 1;322(Pt A):48–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.060

Table 1.

Common methods and examples for synthesis of MNPs and their hybrids.

Method	Reagents and conditions	Stabilizer	Product	Ref.
Co-precipitation	FeSO₄·7H₂O, FeCl₃, NH₄OH	PVA	Fe₃O₄, 4–10 nm	[15]
	FeCl₂, FeCl₃, NH₄OH, 25–80 °C,		Fe₃O₄, 20 nm	[16]
	FeSO₄·7H₂O, FeCl₃·6H₂O, NaOH	Citrate or not	Fe₃O₄, 8 nm with citrate, 14–28 nm without citrate	[18]
	FeSO₄·7H₂O, FeCl₃·6H₂O, NH₄OH, 80 °C	Phosphate	Fe₃O₄, 9–40 nm	[20]
	Fe(acac)₃, Co(acac)₂, Oleic acid, benzyl ether, 290 °C		Co_xFe_3–xO₄, 35–110 nm	[21]
	FeCl₃, AlCl₃·6H₂O, CoCl₂·6H₂O, 70 °C		CoFe_2–xAl_xO₄, 20–63 nm	[22]
Thermodecomposition	FeCl₃·6H₂O, 2-pyrrolidone, 245 °C, reflux 1–24 h		Fe₃O₄, 4–60 nm	[30]
	Fe(acac)₃, 2-pyrrolidone, 200–240 °C	α,ω-dicarboxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)	Fe₃O₄, 6–15 nm with average 11 nm	[31]
	Fe(acac)₃, oleylamine and benzyl ether,		Fe₃O₄, 8 ± 0.4 nm	[36]
Combustion waves	Fe₂O₃ NPs, nitrocellulose, 740 °C		Fe₃O₄, 5–20 nm	[37]
Hydrothermal synthesis	metal linoleate (solid), an ethanol–linoleic acid liquid phase, and a water–ethanol solution		Fe₃O₄, 9 nm CoFe₂O₄, 12 nm	[38]
	FeCl₃, ethylene glycol, NaOAc, 200 °C		Fe₃O₄–graphite, 100 nm	[42]
	Composition controlled synthesis	Various surfactants	MFe₂O₄, M = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, 3 nm	[44]
Emulsion synthesis	Fe₃O₄, histidine		Fe₃O₄–histidine composite, 500 nm	[46]
Microbial synthesis	β-FeOOH, Zn_xFe_1–xOOH, Clostridium sp.		Fe₃O₄, 5–10 nm using β-FeOOH, Zn_xFe_3–xO₄, 3–8 nm using Zn_xFe_1–xOOH	[47]
	β-FeOOH, S. putrefaciens CN32, 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate		Fe₃O₄, framboidal, 20–50 nm	[48]
Green synthesis	Natural biorenewable resources	Plant extracts	Fe₃O₄, hybrids	[87]