. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 22.

Published in final edited form as: J Hazard Mater. 2016 Jul 1;322(Pt A):48–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.060

Table 2.

Select examples of environmental applications of MNPs and their hybrids.

Media and Treatment	Contaminant s	MNPs and hybrids	Mode of action	Ref.
Air cleanup	BTEX	Fe₃O₄	Adsorption	[211]
	CO	Pt@Fe₃O₄	Oxidation	[212], [216]
	CO	Pd@Fe₃O₄	Oxidation	[213]
	H₂S	Fe₃O₄@GO	Adsorption	[215]
	CO₂	TiO₂@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ and Cu/TiO₂@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄	Reduction to produce methanol	[216]
Antimicrobial for water disinfection	E. coli, S. aureus	Fe₃O₄@GO–CNTs	Inactivation	[217]
	E. coli	PQA@Fe₃O₄	100% biocidal	[218]
	E. coli, S. aureus	Fe₃O₄@PDA@Ag	Inactivation	[222]
	E. coli	Ag₃PO₄–TiO₂–Fe₃O₄	Photocatalytic inactivation	[223]
	M. aeruginosa	B. methylotrophicus, ZJU immobilized on Fe₃O₄	Algicida	[229]
Water treatment: Adsorptive organics removal	Dyes,	Fe₃O₄	Separative Adsorption	[232]
	Cationic dyes	AFMCNT		[233]
	Congo Red, MB	Fe₃O₄@GO		[236]
	BB	Fe₃O₄/chitosan		[239]
	MB, MV	Fe₃O₄/MOF		[241]
	Nitrofurans	Fe₃O₄/MWCNTs		[248]
	PFOS	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@CTAB–SiO₂)		[250]
	Antibiotics (TC)	Fe₃O₄/polyacrylonitrial mat		[251]
	Pharmaceuticals	MAA coated Fe₃O₄		[256]
	PCBs	Fe₃O₄@β-CD		[257]
	BPA	DFMNPs		[260]
	p-nitrophenol	Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂/GO		[262]
	2,4,6–TCP	nFe₃O₄@NH₂MIP		[264]
	Herbicide (diquat)	Fe₃O₄@GO		[265]
Water treatment: Oxidative organics removal	APAP	Fe₃O₄, PMS	Catalytic oxidation	[190]
	TCE	Fe₃O₄, persulfate		[191]
	Dinitrotoluene	Fe₃O₄, H₂O₂		[192]
	Phenol	CuO–Fe₃O₄, persulfate		[193]
	Antibiotic flumequine	Fe₃O₄/MWCNTs/PHQ, persulfate		[194]
	Phenol	Fe₃O₄@C, PMS		[195]
	RhB	Fe₃O₄–Bi₂WO₆, H₂O₂		[196]
	TBBPA	Fe_2.04Cr_0.96O_4, UV/H₂O₂		[197]
	Antibacterial nalidixic acid	Fe₃O₄, H₂O₂		[198]
	3 methyl-indole	Fe₃O₄–alginate, H₂O₂		[199]
	MB	CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄, UV/VIS		[200]
	Orange II	CuFe₂O₄/C₃N₄, H₂O₂		[201]
	BPA	Fe₃O₄, H₂O₂		[202]
	BPA	CuFe₂O₄, PMS		[203]
	Cyclic olefins	Fe₃O₄–diethylene glycol, H₂O₂		[204]
	RhB, MB	Fe₃O₄–Cu, NaBH₄		[205]
	RhB	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@HPW, UV		[206]
	MB	Fe₃O₄–TiO₂–GO, solar light		[207]
	Benzyl alcohol	CoFe₂O₄, H₂O₂		[208]
	RhB	CoFe₂O₄/TNTs, PMS		[209]
Water treatment: Algae removal	S. dimorphus	PEI-coated Fe₃O₄	Separative Adsorption	[267]
	Algae	Steric acid–Fe₃O₄–ZnO		[268]
Water treatment: Oil spill cleanup	Crude oil, petroleum products	Fe₃O₄ conjugated with carbonaceous NMs	Separative Adsorption	[270], [271], [272], [273], [274], [275], [276]
Water treatment: Anionic inorganics removal	As(V), As(III)	Fe₃O₄, 12 nm	Separative Adsorption	[279]
	As(V)	Fe₃O₄–coated sand		[289]
	As(V)	Fe₃O₄, 98 nm		[291]
	As(V)	Fe₃O₄–starch		[285]
	As(V), As(III)	Fe₃O₄–TiO₂		[292]
	As(III)	Fe₃O₄–chitosan		[287]
	As(V), As(III)	Fe₃O₄–MnO₂-GO		[298]
	Phosphate	NH₂–Al/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄		[304]
	Phosphate	MFC@ZrO₂		[305]
	Phosphate	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–lanthanum oxide		[306]
	Phosphate	Fe₃O₄@LDH		[307]
	Phosphate	MnFe₂O₄, 5 nm		[308]
	Molybdate	Fe₃O₄ and ferric ions		[309]
	Molybdate	ZnFe₂O₄		[310]
	Fluoride	CuCe_xFe_2-xO₄ (x = 0.0–0.5)		[312]
	Selenate	Fe₃O₄, 10–20 nm		[313]
	Cr(VI)	CD-E-MGO		[314]
	Cr(VI)	Fe₃O₄@HNTs@C	Reduction	[322]
Water treatment: Cationic heavy metal ions removal	Hg²⁺	Fe₃O₄, 100 nm	Separative Adsorpton	[324]
	Hg²⁺	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂		[325]
	Hg²⁺	MCD–GO–R		[332]
	Hg²⁺	Tween20–AuNP–Fe₃O₄		[334]
	Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺	CS-PAM-MCM		[335]
	Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺	Fe₃O₄@C		[339]
	Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@chitosan		[340]
	Pb²⁺	MnFMC, CoFMC		[342]
	Pb²⁺	Fe₃O₄@Zr(OH)_x		[343]
	Cd²⁺	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–poly(1-vinylimidazole)		[344]
	Cd²⁺	Fe₃O₄–sodium dodecyl sulfate		[345]
	Zn²⁺	Amino–Fe₃O₄@SiO₂		[346]
	Cu²⁺	Fe₃O₄–sodium alginate		[347]
	Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺	Fe₃O₄–PMMA		[348]
	Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺	K₂FeO₄		[349]
	Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺	M–PAM–HA		[350]
	Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺	EDTA–MGO		[351]
Water treatment: Radionuclides removal	U(VI)	Fe₃O₄–TiO₂	Separative Adsorption	[354]
	U(VI)	Amino–Fe₃O₄@GO		[355]
	Sr(II), Th(II), U(VI)	Fungus–Fe₃O₄		[356]
	U(VI)	APTMS–MNP		[357]
	Cs⁺	Fe₃O₄–copper ferrocyanide		[359]
	NpO₂⁺	Ti substituted Fe₃O₄	Reduction	[360]
Water treatment: Rare earth elements	Eu	Silane@Fe₃O₄	Separative	[362]
	La, Ce, Pr, Nd	Fe₃O₄–oleic acid	Adsorption	[363]
Water treatment: Simultaneous organics and inorganics removal	2,4-D, Pb²⁺	Fe₃O₄–GO–LDH	Separative Adsorption	[364]
	Phenanthrene, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺	Fe₃O₄–AC–biochar		[365]
	17β-estradiol, Pb²⁺	Fe₃O₄–GO		[366]
	Congo red, Cr(VI)	Co_2.698Fe_0.302O₄		[367]
	MB, Hg²⁺	Fe₃O₄–GO		[368]
	Furazolidone, Cu²⁺	Fe₃O₄–MWCNT		[369]
	Pathogens, heavy metals, anions	Fe₃O₄–QAC		[370]
	Congo red, methyl orange, Cu²⁺	Fe₃O₄–PDA-LDH		[371]
Water treatment: Chemical reductive removal	PCBs	Fe₃O₄ under N₂	Reduction	[372]
	PCB77	Fe₃O₄ + NZVI		[373]
	DDT	Pd–Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂		[247]
	4-NP	Ag–HNTS–Fe₃O₄ in NaBH₄		[375]
	2,4-dichlorophenol	MWCNTs–Fe₃O₄–Pd/Fe		[376]
	CBZ, TC	Fe₃O₄–AC, Fe₃O₄–biochar, ball milling		[377]
	Cr(VI)	Fe₃O₄, synthetic and natural		[378]
	Cr(VI)	Fe₃O₄, synthetic and biogenic		[379]
	Cr(VI)	Fe₃O₄@PmPDs		[380]
	Nitrate	Fe₃O₄–ZVI		[381]
Sewage sludge stabilization	Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr	Fe₃O₄–NZVI	Immobilization	[382]
Soil improvement		Fe₃O₄–biochar	Improvement of soil quality	[383]
Soil remediation	PAHs	Fe₃O₄–AC, Fe₃O₄–biochar	Adsorption	[384]
	As(V)	Fe₃O₄–starch		[385]
	As	In situ biogenic Fe₃O₄ formation		[386]
Sediment remediation	Phosphate	Microsized ZVI with Fe₃O₄ as corrosion products	Immobilization	[387]
	Cd²⁺	Biogenic Fe₃O₄	Adsorption	[388]
Groundwater remediation	Chlorinated solvents	Synthetic and natural Fe₃O₄	Reductive dechlorination	[389], [390], [391], [392], [393], [394], [395], [396], [397], [398]