Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 22.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2018 Apr 24;74:56–73. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.048

Table 2.

Effect of cartilage T-dECMs on chondrogenic differentiation.

dECM origin Seeded cell type Treatment Results Reference
bovine AC bovine chondrocyte cultured in rigid dishes coated with silicone rubber or monotonically expanded on high extension silicone rubber dishes functionalized with dECM extract dECM supported enhanced preservation of chondrocyte phenotype and redifferentiation potential 224
bovine AC human BMSC treated with soluble dECM in 2D culture, pellet system or on aligned nanofibrous scaffolds; or seeded in dECM-encapsulated-GelMA hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β3 both dECM alone or in combination with prochondrogenic factors promoted chondrogenic differentiation 22
bovine AC human BMSC suspended in dECM hydrogels with or without methacrylate and cultured in chondrogenic medium for up to 42 days functionalization of pepsin-soluble dECM hydrogels compromised chondroinductivity, did not enhance BMSC chondrogenesis 88
bovine AC rabbit BMSC loaded onto dECMs to repair cartilage defects in a rabbit model significantly improved the repair of cartilage defects after 12 weeks of implantation 55
bovine EC human BMSC seeded on dECMs and cultured in chondrogenic medium supported chondrogenic differentiation 71
bovine meniscus human BMSC treated with urea-soluble extracts of dECMs from inner and outer meniscal regions in 2D culture; or culture in 3D dECM-GelMA hydrogels with chondrogenic induction supported fibrochondrogenic differentiation in 2D culture; accelerated chondrogenic differentiation by the addition of soluble dECM fractions onto GelMA hydrogels 72
equine AC equine chondrocyte and BMSC seeded onto physically prepared dECM with chondrogenic induction supported chondrogenic differentiation; BMSCs significantly outperformed chondrocytes in producing cartilaginous matrix 225
equine AC equine BMSC embedded in dECM particles and GelMA hydrogels with chondrogenic induction followed by subcutaneous implantation into a rat model stimulated in vitro cartilage formation, but subsequently remodeled into endochondral bone formation in vivo 226
equine AC human BMSC seeded onto dECMs and cultured in chondrogenic medium followed by subcutaneous implantation into immunocompromised rats supported in vitro chondrogenesis, but formed in vivo ectopic endochondral bone 227
human AC canine chondrogenic BMSC seeded onto dECMs and cultured in vitro for 3 days and then implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 4 weeks supported chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and formed cartilage-like tissues in vivo 27
human AC human SDSC grown on dECM-collagen constructs with or without treatment of growth factors (TGF-β3 and BMP-2) promoted chondrogenesis and synergistically enhanced by growth factor induction 70
human AC rabbit ADSC seeded onto dECMs with chondrogenic induction followed by implantation to repair rabbit cartilage defects supported in vitro cartilage formation and high-quality in vivo cartilage repair 80
human donor trachea human epithelial cell and BMSC-derived-chondrocytes from recipient colonized on dECMs to replace recipient’s left main bronchus after 5-year follow-up produced engineered airway without risk of rejection 82
human donor trachea human epithelial cell and BMSC derived chondrocyte from recipient colonized on dECMs to replace recipient’s left main bronchus after 5-year follow-up supported the re-population of the implanted airway matrix 81
porcine NSC human nasal chondrocyte seeded on dECMs and cultured in chondrocyte induction medium supported chondrogenic differentiation 60
porcine NSC human nasal septal chondrocyte seeded on dECMs and cultured in chondrocyte induction medium supported chondrocyte differentiation 194
porcine AC human ADSC seeded on physically prepared dECM without exogenous growth factors promoted chondrogenic differentiation without exogenous growth factors 56
porcine AC human ADSC seeded on physically prepared dECM-PCL composite scaffolds in a culture medium promoted ASC differentiation and chondrogenesis in vitro 228
porcine AC human ADSC seeded on to the genipin-crosslinked physically prepared dECM in culture medium without exogenous growth factors crosslinked scaffold using the 0.05% genipin solution supported chondrogenic differentiation in vitro culture 220
porcine AC human ADSC Seeded on physically prepared dECM-PCL scaffolds with chondrogenic induction enhanced chondrogenesis in vitro 229
porcine AC human and porcine chondrocyte seeded onto physically prepared dECM in a culture medium supported chondrogenesis in the absence of exogenous growth factors 221
porcine AC human ADSC and BMSC seeded on physically prepared dECM in a chondrogenic medium consisting TGF-β3 and BMP-6 supported chondrogenic differentiation 230
porcine AC human BMSC seeded on physically prepared dECM with various crosslinking treatments followed in chondrogenic induction containing human TGF-β3 supported significant chondrogenic differentiation 231
porcine AC human BMSC seeded on dECM hemisphere scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic medium supported chondrogenic differentiation and prevented hypertrophy 76
porcine AC human FPSC encapsulated into physically prepared dECM functionalized fibrin hydrogels followed by culture in chondrogenic medium or seeded on physically prepared dECM functionalized fibrin hydrogels followed by implantation in nude mice supported robust chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo in the presence of TGF-β3 13
porcine AC human IPFSC seeded on physically prepared dECM with chondrogenic induction promoted robust chondrogenesis in the presence of TGF-β3 58
porcine AC human IPFSC seeded onto physically prepared dECM with chondrogenic induction containing TGF-β3 supported greater chondrogenesis within the scaffolds fabricated using 250 mg/mL cartilage slurry concentrations in vitro 57
porcine AC porcine IPFSC seeded onto a TGF-β3 eluting physically prepared dECM followed by implantation into nude mice supported cartilage-like tissue formation in vivo 57
porcine AC human IPFSC seeded on dECMs and cultured chondrogenically under either static or rotational conditions for 10 days supported chondrogenic differentiation 74
porcine AC (immature and mature) human IPFSC seeded on dECMs and cultured in chondrogenic medium supported cartilage formation in vitro 222
porcine AC rabbit BMSC seeded onto dECM scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic media for 7 weeks followed by implantation to treat rabbit tracheal defects produced neocartilage and reconstructed partial tracheal defects 232
porcine AC rat BMSC seeded on DCC-encapsulated or coated PLGA microspheres and cultured for 6 weeks DCC-encapsulated scaffolds induced chondrogenesis better than TGF-β encapsulated and DCC-coated scaffolds 233
porcine AC rat BMSC cultured on MeHA hydrogel incorporating with DVC and DCC microparticles followed with or without exposure to TGF-β3 over a 6-week culture period DVC was superior to DCC in chondroinductivity and rheological performance of hydrogel precursors 59
porcine AC rat BMSC encapsulated in MeSDCC hydrogels and cultured without growth factors for 6 weeks supported chondrogenic differentiation 234
porcine EC porcine newborn chondrocyte seeded on dECM sheets by stacking 20 layers and cultured for 4 weeks followed by either continuing 12-week culture or subcutaneous implantation into nude mice for 12 weeks supported the formation of cartilage-like tissues both in vitro and in vivo 77
porcine EC porcine newborn BMSC seeded on dECM sheets by stacking 20 layers and cultured with or without chondrogenic factors followed by implantation into nude mice for another 4 weeks promoted chondrogenic differentiation, further enhanced by chondrogenic factors 78
porcine hemi larynx human BMSC seeded onto dECMs and implanted into a sternomastoid muscle fascial pocket for 1 month, and then covered with a tissue-engineered oral mucosal sheet for relocating into a full-thickness defect in cricoid cartilage of immune-suppressed pig remodeled in vivo cartilage by initiation of chondrogenesis 83
porcine meniscus human chondrocyte/ BMSC chondrocytes seeded on dECMs and BMSCs seeded on dECMs with chondrogenic induction promoted chondrogenic differentiation 73
porcine NP human ADSC seeded on dECM hydrogels with or without chondrogenic induction supported differentiation toward an NP-like cell phenotype, further enhanced by chondrogenic induction 85
porcine NSC rat nasal septum chondrocyte seeded on dECMs and implanted to repair nasal septum defects in a rat model supported cartilage defect repair 79
porcine trachea BM MNC and epithelial cell seeded on dECMs and conditioned with growth and regenerative factors followed by implantation to replace recipients’ cervical trachea supported in vivo cartilage regeneration of transplanted trachea 235
rabbit trachea rabbit ADSC seeded onto dECMs to replace rabbit recipient tracheas autologous cell treatment generated tracheas to repair tracheal injuries 236
rabbit trachea rabbit chondrocyte seeded onto dECMs and cultured for 2 weeks followed by either maintaining for another 6 weeks or subcutaneously implanting into nude mice for 12 weeks regenerated tubular cartilage 84

Abbreviations:2D: two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; AC: articular cartilage; ADSC: adipose derived stem cell; BM MNC: bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cell; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; BMSC: bone marrow stromal cell; DCC: chemically decellularized cartilage particles; dECM: decellularized extracellular matrix; DVC: physically devitalized cartilage particles; EC: ear cartilage; ECM: extracellular matrix; GelMA: methacrylated gelatin; IPFSC: infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cell; MeHA: methacrylated hyaluronic acid; MeSDCC: methacrylated solubilized decellularized cartilage; NP: nucleus pulposus; NSC: nasal septal cartilage; PCL: poly(ε-caprolactone); SDSC: synovium derived stem cell; TGF: transforming growth factor.