Table 4.
Effect of C-dECMs on chondrocyte/stem cell chondrogenic differentiation.
| dECM origin | Seeded cell type | Treatment | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| calf chondrocyte | rabbit BMSC | seeded on dECM-PCL scaffolds and cultured in a medium with the addition of TGF-β1 | supported chondrogenic differentiation | 243 |
| bovine chondrocyte and rabbit MSC | rabbit BMSC | cultured on physically prepared dECM/PCL scaffolds in chondrogenic medium with or without TGF-β3 | cocultures of chondrocytes and BMSCs on PCL scaffold coated with cartilage-like ECM supported chondrogenic differentiation | 244 |
| human BMSC | human BMSC | seeded on physically prepared dECM with chondrogenic induction | ECM scaffold mimicking early stage chondrogenesis promoted more chondrogenic differentiation than that of the ECM scaffold mimicking late stage chondrogenesis | 29 |
| human BMSC | human BMSC | seeded on physically prepared dECM fabricated by human BMSC sheets cultured with TGF-β1 in the media or with TGF-β1-loaded microspheres | enhanced in vitro chondrogenesis | 30 |
| human BMSC | human IPFSC | seeded on physically prepared dECM from porcine ECM (Native), human engineered sheets (Eng) and from human engineered sheets with microspheres (Eng-MS) followed by chondrogenic induction | supported chondrogenesis of IPFSCs; higher chondrogenesis within native ECM scaffolds compared to engineered ECM scaffolds | 28 |
| human BMSC | human BMSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced expanded stem cell chondrogenic potential | 95 |
| human BMSC (fetal and adult) | human adult BMSC | cultured on dECMs followed by 3D spheroid culture with chondrogenic induction | fetal dECMs enhanced chondrogenic potential of late-passage BMSCs | 101 |
| human BMSC | human chondrocyte (OA and healthy) | cultured on dECM-PCL scaffolds in chondrogenic medium; dECMs were deposited by BMSCs that were grown in chondrogenic medium (CM) or basic medium (BM) | BM-derived scaffolds had superior effect on chondrogenic differentiation of healthy chondrocytes compared to CM; no significant influence of dECMs on chondrogenic differentiation of OA chondrocytes | 64 |
| human BMSC and chondrocyte | human BMSC | grown on dECMs that were first coated on PLGA mesh discs followed by removal of PLGA and cultured in chondrogenic induction medium for 4 weeks | promoted chondrogenic differentiation; dECMs from BMSCs were better than from chondrocytes | 63 |
| human BMSC and USC | human BMSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | dECMs from repeated passage BMSCs decreased chondrogenic rejuvenation ability; dECMs from USCs strengthened repeated passage BMSC chondrogenic potential | 106 |
| human chondrocyte | human PDMSC | mixed with dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction (BMP-6, TGF-β3) | enhanced chondrogenic differentiation | 104 |
| human IPFSC | human IPFSC | expanded on dECMs that were fabricated using various doses and durations of AA followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | promoted chondrogenic potential | 65 |
| human SDSC | human SDSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction under hypoxia or normoxia | promoted chondrogenic potential and further enhanced by low oxygen (5%) during pellet culture | 245 |
| human SDSC | human SDSC | expanded on dECMs and followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | promoted chondrogenic potential and further enhanced after treatment with H2O2 in both proliferation and chondrogenic phases | 237 |
| human SDSC (fetal and adult) | human adult SDSC | expanded on dECMs deposited by SDSCs from fetal and adult donors followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced chondrogenic potential; fetal dECM was superior to adult dECMs | 69 |
| human SDSC | human SDSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | promoted SDSC chondrogenic potential | 140 |
| human SDSC | human SDSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction; treatment of sb203580 either in proliferation or differentiation phases | dECMs enhanced chondrogenic potential which was further enhanced by sb203580 preconditioning; sb203580 preconditioning promoted dECM rejuvenated SDSCs’ ability against inflammation during chondrogenic induction | 238 |
| porcine chondrocyte | human BMSC | seeded on dECM-type I collagen microspheres and cultured in the medium without chondrogenic induction | supported chondrogenic differentiation | 102 |
| porcine chondrocyte | rabbit BMSC | seeded on dECM pellets with chondrogenic induction but no TGF-β addition followed by implantation in nude mice | supported in vitro chondrogenic differentiation; maintained longer chondrogenic phenotypes in vivo compared to PGA scaffolds | 1 |
| porcine chondrocyte | rabbit chondrocyte | seeded on physically prepared dECM in a culture medium | promoted cartilage formation in vitro | 240 |
| porcine chondrocyte | rabbit chondrocyte | seeded on physically prepared dECM and implanted in rabbit osteochondral defects | supported chondrogenesis in vitro, repaired the osteochondral defects in vivo | 241 |
| porcine chondrocyte | rabbit chondrocyte | seeded onto physically prepared dECM followed by implantation into the nude mouse | produced a hyaline-like cartilage tissue in vivo | 246 |
| porcine SDSC | porcine chondrocyte | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | delayed dedifferentiation, retained redifferentiation capacity and enhanced redifferentiation | 99 |
| porcine SDSC | porcine NPC | grown on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced and restored redifferentiation capacity | 98 |
| porcine SDSC | porcine SDSC | grown on dECM-coated TCPS followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced chondrogenic potential and prevented hypertrophic differentiation | 31 |
| porcine SDSC | porcine SDSC | expanded on dECMs in hypoxia or normoxia with or without FGF2, followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | promoted chondrogenic potential and enhanced when combined with hypoxia and FGF2; downregulated hypertrophic differentiation | 242 |
| porcine SDSC | porcine SDSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction in vitro, or injected into pig knees with cartilage defects | enhanced chondrogenic potential in vitro and enhanced SDSCs in vivo cartilage regeneration | 217 |
| porcine SDSC and chondrocyte | porcine SDSC and chondrocyte | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced cell chondrogenic potential, particularly for cells expanded on dECM deposited by SDSCs | 92 |
| porcine SDSC and IPFSC | porcine IPFSC | expanded on dECMs followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction (TGF-β3 alone or combined with BMP-6) | enhanced chondrogenic capacity and decreased hypertrophic differentiation; combined with BMP-6 further enhanced chondrogenic capacity | 91 |
| porcine SDSC and/or NPC | porcine SDSC/NPC | expanded on dECMs that were fabricated under normoxia or hypoxia followed by a pellet culture with chondrogenic induction | enhanced chondrogenic potential | 94 |
| rabbit BMSC | rabbit BMSC | seeded on physically prepared dECM with chondrogenic induction with or without TGF-β3 in vitro followed with implantation into nude mice | promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs without any exogenous growth factors in vitro and in vivo | 247 |
| rabbit chondrocyte | human BMSC | cultured on dECMs with chondrogenic induction containing BMP-2 | promoted chondrogenic differentiation | 103 |
| rabbit NPC | human BMSC, rabbit BMSC | human BMSCs were reseeded in dECM-collagen microspheres; rabbit BMSCs were seeded in dECM-collagen microspheres followed by injection in a pilot rabbit disc degeneration model | promoted differentiation toward a NPC-like lineage in vitro and in vivo | 105 |
| rat chondrocyte | rat chondrocyte | seeded on dECMs for 2D monolayer culture and 3D pellet culture in a chondrogenic medium without chondrogenic growth factors | supported chondrocyte re-differentiation in 2D culture and 3D pellet culture | 93 |
Abbreviations:2D: two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; AA: L-ascorbic acid; BMSC: bone marrow stromal cell; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; dECM: decellularized extracellular matrix; ECM: extracellular matrix; FGF2: basic fibroblast growth factor; IPFSC: infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cell; NPC: nucleus pulposus cells; OA: osteoarthritis; PCL: poly(ε-caprolactone); PDMSC: placenta derived mesenchymal stem cell; PGA: polyglycolic acid; PLGA: polymer lactic-glycolic acid; SDSC: synovium derived stem cell; TCPS: tissue culture polystyrene; TGF: transforming growth factor; USC: urine derived stem cell.