Table 1.
Material properties and element types of the various spinal structures in the normal lumbar spine model28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38
| Component | Young's modulus (MPa) | Poisson's ratio | Element type | Element numbers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical | 12,000 | 0.3 | C3D8R | 1496 |
| Cancellous | 100 | 0.4 | C3D4 | 83,619 |
| Endplate | 24 | 0.4 | C3D8R | 3168 |
| Posterior element | 3500 | 0.3 | C3D4 | 155,673 |
| Sacrum | 5000 | 0.2 | C3D4 | 200,295 |
| Facet cartilage | Neo‐Hookean, C10 = 2 | C3D8RH | 4391 | |
| Annulus ground | Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.18, C2 = 0.045 | C3D8RH | 3600 | |
| Nucleus pulposus | Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.12, C2 = 0.03 | C3D8RH | 4320 | |
| Annulus fibers | Calibrated stress–strain curves | Spring | 8640 | |
| Ligament | — | — | — | |
| ALL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 15 | |
| PLL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 18 | |
| ISL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 18 | |
| SSL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 3 | |
| LF | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 27 | |
| CL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 48 | |
| ITL | Calibrated deflection–force curves | Spring | 12 | |
ALL, anterior longitudinal ligament; CL, capsular ligament; FL, flaval ligament, ISL, interspinous ligament; ITL, intertransverse ligament; PLL, posterior longitudinal ligament; SSL, supraspinal ligament.