Table 1.
Study Population (N=108)1
| Demographics | N | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (Sex) | 56 | 51.9 | |
| Study | Bright Start (Neonates) | 10 | 9.3 |
| Starting Early | 66 | 61.1 | |
| 39 | 59.1 | ||
| Control Arm | 27 | 40.9 | |
| PEEPS | 32 | 29.6 | |
| Maternal Education | None | 7 | 9.5 |
| Elementary/Middle | 21 | 28.4 | |
| High School/General Equivalency Diploma | 35 | 47.3 | |
| Some college | 7 | 9.5 | |
| College grad | 3 | 4.1 | |
| Other | 1 | 1.4 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | Hispanic | 67 | 90.5 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 5 | 6.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1 | 1.4 | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1 | 1.4 | |
| BMI Categories2 | Underweight | 2 | 3.0 |
| Normal | 40 | 60.6 | |
| Overweight | 12 | 18.2 | |
| Obese | 12 | 18.2 | |
| Distribution of Glyphosate and Kidney Injury Biomarkers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Detection Range (Min. & Max. Concentrations) | |
| Glyphosate (ng/mL) | 0.278 (0.228) | 0.105–2.125 |
| KIM-1 (ng/mL) | 80.17 (76.92) | 12.38–560.6 |
| NGAL (pg/mL) | 12,486 (21,934) | 530.7–131,196 |
| ACR3 (mg/g) | 26.23 (25.43) | 1.414–119.0 |
| Distribution of Glyphosate and Kidney Injury Biomarkers by Study Groups (N=108) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Healthy Start (Neonates) | Starting Early | PEEPS |
| <LOD (<LOD-1.06) | <LOD (<LOD-LOD) | <LOD (<LOD-LOD) | |
| Percent Detected | 30.0% | 7.58 % | 12.5% |
| KIM-1 (ng/mL), Median (IQR) | 88.9 (71.0–114) | 47.1 (33.8–71.7) | 76.5 (40.3–140.2) |
| NGAL (pg/mL), Median (IQR) | 3,770 (2,520–7,200) | 9,080 (3,880–18,700) | 1,920 (1,240–5,770) |
| ACR3 (mg/g), Median (IQR) | 9.45 (6.00–34.3) | 28.0 (19.1–42.4) | 5.66 (3.54–9.00) |
1
Maternal Education 34 missing, Race/Ethnicity 34 missing, BMI 42 missing, KIM-1 9 missing, NGAL 13 missing, 480 and ACR 12 missing.
2
Underweight (Below −1.036 SD); Normal (Between −1.036 and +1.036 SD); Overweight (Between + 1.036 and +1.64 SD); Obese (Above+1.64 SD)
3
Albumin-to-cretinine ratio.