TABLE 3.
Baseline metabolites ranked from the highest to the lowest elastic net negative regression coefficients for high HOMA-IR (median or higher) at baseline (n = 700), 1 y (n = 502), and 3 y (n = 256) and for 1-y changes (metabolites and HOMA-IR)1
| Baseline HOMA-IR | HOMA-IR at 1 y | HOMA-IR at 3 y | 1-y changes in HOMA-IR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glycine | C18:1 LPC | Guanidoacetic acid | C18:1 LPC |
| Asparagine | Glycine | Methylhistidine | β-Amino-isobutyric acid |
| C16:0 SM | C10:2 Carnitine | C18:1 LPC | C16:1 LPC Plasmalogen |
| C18:1 LPC | C16:0 SM | C16:0 SM | C18:2 Carnitine |
| β-Amino-isobutyric acid | SDMA | Betaine | C20:4 LPC |
| Choline | Betaine | Glycine | C20:4 Carnitine |
| Histidine | Arginine | C10:2 Carnitine | Ornithine |
| C20:4 LPC | Guanidoacetic acid | β-Amino-isobutyric acid | Asparagine |
| SDMA | β-Amino-isobutyric acid | Acetylcholine | Glycine |
| Inosine | Acetylglycine | C18 Carnitine | Methylnicotinamide |
| Arginine | C9 Carnitine | C18:1-OH Carnitine | SDMA |
| C10:2 Carnitine | C18:2 Carnitine | C22:6 LPC | Cotinine |
| C10 Carnitine | Phosphocholine | Dehydroxycarnitine | Kynurenic acid |
| Acetylglycine | Methoxytyramine | Acetaminophen | |
| Ectoine | Threonine | ||
| Betaine | l-NMMA | ||
| Niacinamide | C16:0 LPE | ||
| C20:4 carnitine | |||
| Trimethylbenzene | |||
| TMAO | |||
| Cotinine | |||
| C22:6 LPC | |||
| C9 Carnitine | |||
| C16:0 LPE |
1
Cutoff values of median of HOMA-IR are ≥3.32 at baseline, ≥3.42 at 1 y, and ≥3.38 at 3 y. LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; l-NMMA, NG-monomethyl-l-arginine; SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine; SM, sphingomyelin; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.