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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 21.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell. 2020 May 21;78(4):614–623. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.034

Table 2.

Recoding Approaches Attempted to Date

Year Lead Author Species % Recoded Recoding Method Codons Removed Amino Acid
2011 F. Isaacs E. coli 100 MAGE/CAGE TAG Stop
2016 N. Ostrov E. coli 100a integrase-based segments approach AGA, AGG, AGC, AGT, TTA, TTG, TAG Arg
Ser
Leu
Stop
2017 Y.H. Lau S. typhimurium 4.5 SIRCAS TTA, TTG Leu
2017 S. Richardsonb S. cerevisiae 100 SWaP-In TAG Stop
2019 J. Fredens E. coli 100 REXER TCG, TCA, TAG Ser
Stop
a

This was achieved over 87 different strains.

b

The recoding of S. cerevisiae was a large collaborative effort that resulted in 7 publications in a special issue of Science (March 10, 2017), of which S. Richardson is one lead author.