Table 1.

Structures potentially mimicking cardiac masses in echocardiography

Normal variants or congenital remnants	Pathological variants not related to specific cardiac masses	Iatrogenic foreign bodies or ectopic structures	Artifacts
LV webs, heartstrings, and chords	Apical form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Pacemaker wires	Near-field clutter
Apical trabeculations	Interatrial septal aneurysm	AICD leads	Beam-width artifact
LA chords	Venous varices (clumps of veins)	Occluder interatrial devices	Enhancement
Dilated coronary sinus (PLAX view)	Lambl’s excrescences	Hiatal hernia	Reverberation
Prominent descending aorta (A4Ch view)	Nodules of Arantius	Heterotopic thyroid tissue	Refraction
Multiple lobes of the LA appendage	Fibrinous pericardial patch	Central venous lines	Mirror image
Pectinate muscles in LA or RA appendages	Dystrophic calcification of the mitral annulus	Mitral and tricuspid interventional
Prominent moderator band	Endomyocardial fibrosis/Loeffler endocarditis	devices (e.g., MitraClipTM,
Prominent crista terminalis	Hematic cyst (childhood)	MitralixTM, TriClipTM)
Prominent Eustachian valve	Pericardial cyst
Chiari network	Mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences
Redundant mitral chordae apparatus and redundant leaflet tissue of the mitral valve
	Bronchogenic cyst
Prominent epicardial fat	Other infective masses (echinococcus cyst, aspergilloma, tuberculoma) Noncompaction cardiomyopathy Prominent or calcified papillary muscles Dense mitral annular calcification Lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum

LV=Left ventricular, LA=Left atrium, RA=Right atrium, PLAX=Parasternal long axis, A4Ch=Apical four chamber, AICD=Automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator