Table 4.

Multivariable Linear Regression Models of Relationship Between Lactation, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Among Women with Normotensive Pregnancies (Adjusted)

	Model 1a			Model 2b
	LSMdiff	95% CI	p	LSMdiff	95% CI	p
Systolic BP (mmHg)
Some lactationc	−1.17	−4.37 to 2.04	0.475	−0.54	−3.69 to 2.61	0.736
Lactation ≥6 months	−3.07	−6.87 to 0.73	0.114	−1.25	−4.90 to 2.50	0.515
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
Some lactation	−0.34	−2.88 to 2.21	0.795	0.27	−2.17 to 2.72	0.828
Lactation ≥6 months	−1.10	−4.28 to 2.08	0.498	0.67	−2.38 to 3.73	0.668
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
Some lactation	−6.03	−14.6 to 2.57	0.170	−5.50	−14.0 to 3.03	0.207
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.27	−10.3 to 9.78	0.957	1.22	−8.84 to 11.2	0.813
LDL (mg/dL)
Some lactation	−5.44	−12.5 to 1.71	0.136	−4.76	−11.7 to 2.27	0.185
Lactation ≥6 months	−1.82	−10.2 to 6.61	0.672	0.06	−8.35 to 8.47	0.989
HDL (mg/dL)
Some lactation	4.47	0.936–8.00	0.013	3.59	0.41–6.76	0.027
Lactation ≥6 months	7.59	3.083–12.09	0.001	5.13	1.08–9.19	0.013
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
Some lactation	−38.1	−70.3 to −5.88	0.021	−34.3	−65.7 to −2.81	0.033
Lactation ≥6 months	−41.6	−73.1 to −10.05	0.010	−30.9	−61.5 to −0.41	0.047
Glucose (mg/dL)
Some lactation	−8.43	−15.8 to −1.02	0.026	−7.75	−15.0 to −0.48	0.037
Lactation ≥6 months	−4.77	−15.3 to 5.80	0.377	−2.89	−13.0 to 7.24	0.576
CCA IMT (mm)
Some lactation	−0.02	−0.03 to −0.00	0.027	−0.02	−0.03 to −0.00	0.045
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.03	−0.04 to −0.00	0.018	−0.02	−0.03 to 0.00	0.119
ICA IMT (mm)
Some lactation	−0.04	−0.07 to −0.01	0.019	−0.04	−0.07 to −0.01	0.022
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.05	−0.08 to −0.01	0.02	−0.04	−0.08 to −0.00	0.030
Bulb IMT (mm)
Some lactation	−0.03	−0.06 to 0.01	0.154	−0.02	−0.05 to 0.01	0.196
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.02	−0.07 to 0.02	0.285	−0.02	−0.06 to 0.03	0.469
Mean IMT (mm)
Some lactation	−0.03	−0.04 to −0.01	0.005	−0.02	−0.04 to −0.01	0.007
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.03	−0.05 to −0.01	0.007	−0.02	−0.04 to −0.00	0.044
AD (mm)
Some lactation	−0.01	−0.14 to 0.12	0.877	0.02	−0.10 to 0.14	0.753
Lactation ≥6 months	−0.09	−0.24 to 0.07	0.292	0.00	−0.14 to 0.14	0.952

^aAdjusted for age, race, income, education, smoking, time from last pregnancy, and total lifetime parity.

^bAdjusted for Model 1+BMI.

^cNever lactated is the reference group.

LSMdiff, least squares mean difference between groups.