Table 2.

List of CVD-related lincRNA examples and their physiological impacts in animal models. Human (H) and mouse (M) genomic locations of these lincRNAs are based on human hg19 and mouse MM10 genome build.

Biological process	LincRNA	Conservation	Genomic location in human and mouse	In vivo perturbation	Physiological impact	Ref.
Vascular function	MALAT1	Yes	H-chr11 (+): 65265224–65273940	Genetic deletion of gene locus	Reduced endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis	[51]
			M-chr19(−): 5795690–5802671		Enhanced SMC contractile function and reduced thoracic aneurysm growth	[56]
	H19	Yes	H-chr11 (−): 2016406–2019065	RNA delivery by nano-vesicles	Improved wound healing in diabetic rats	[71]
			M-chr7(−): 142575530–142578146	Genetic deletion of gene locus	Reduced SMC apoptosis and development of abdominal aneurysms	[72]
	lincRNA-p21	Yes	H-chr6(−): 36631169–36635073	RNAi-mediated knockdown	Increased neointima formation in the carotid artery injury model	[75]
			M-chr17(−): 29057474–29079126
	RNCR3	Yes	H-chr8(−): 9757574–9760839	RNAi-mediated knockdown	Increased formation of atherosclerotic lesion in mouse aortas	[78]
			M-chr14(+): 64588115–64593961
	AK098656	Unknown	H-chr16(−):80601000–80606705	Transgenic rat model	Spontaneous hypertension, smaller diameters and reduced contractile protein expression of resistant arteries	[79]
Lipid metabolism	IncLSTR LeXis	No	M-chr1(+):151138034 −151144095	RNAi-mediated knockdown in liver	Reduced plasma triglyceride levels, increased hepatic expression of lipoprotein ApoC2	[80]
		Yes	H-chr9(−):107752367–107754061	Virus-mediated RNA overexpression	Reduced hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, serum cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion	[81,82]
			M-chr4(−): 53201519–53220013	Genetic deletion and lincRNA knockdown in liver	Increased lipid accumulation and expression of lipogenesis is genes in the liver	[81]
	MeXis	Yes	M-chr4(−):53261356–53265492	RNAi-mediated knockdown in liver	Increased hepatic ABCA1 expression and serum cholesterol level	[83]
			H-chr9(+):107854176–107881755	Genetic deletion of gene locus	Decreased cholesterol efflux in macrophages; increased aortic atherosclerotic lesions	[83]
Immune response	lincRNA-EPS	unknown	M-chr4(−): 109402279–109406257	Genetic deletion of gene locus	Enhanced basal and TLR4 induced expression of immune response genes in macrophages; decreased survival rate following endotoxemia challenge	[38]
	Lnc-DC	Yes	H-chr17(−): 58160927–58165828	RNAi-mediated knockdown in bone marrow	Impaired mouse dendritic cell differentiation	[84]
			M-chr11(+)83746940–83752646