Table 6: Insulin injection-related factors influencing the frequency of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia.

Variables	Category N=847	% with hypoglycaemia (n=311)	p*	% with hyperglycaemia (n=571)	p*
Duration of insulin treatment (years)	<5 (n=582)	66.6	0.318	63.9	¾0.001
	>5 (n=265)	33.4		36.1
HbAlc (%)	<7 (n=45)	5.8	1.000	4.3	0.008
	>7 (n=713)	94.2		95.7
Diabetic complication(s)	Absent (n=395)	40.8	0.010	44.7	0.106
	Present (n=452)	59.2		55.3
Number of injections/day	<2 (n=606)	70.4	0.581	71.3	0.871
	>2 (n=241)	29.6		28.7
Total daily dose of insulin (IU)	<50 (n=621)	72.7	0.748	70.2	0.004
	>50 (n=226)	27.3		29.1
Insulin device	Syringe (n=577)	70.1	0.360	70.9	0.015
	Pen (n=270)	29.9		29.1
Needle length (mm)	<6 (n=461)	55.0	0.830	45.0	<0.001
	>6 (n=380)	45.0		55.0
Main Injection site	Abdomen (n=539)	57.9	0.009	62.0	0.170
	Others (n=308)	42.1		38.0
Rotate injection site(s)	No (n=131)	16.7	0.490	15.6	0.920
	Yes (n=716)	83.3		84.4
Inject into a skinfold	Yes (n=760)	91.3	0.291	89.0	0.335
	No (n=87)	8.7		11.0
Angle of needle entry	90 degrees (n=547)	61.1	0.118	62.3	0.055
	Other than 90 degrees (n=300)	38.9		37.7
Needle reuse	No (n=11)	1.9	0.225	1.1	0.351
	Yes (n=836)	98.1		98.9
Number of times needles reused	<10 (n=496)	56.4	0.214	56.3	0.011
	>10 (n=340)	43.6		43.7
LH	Absent (n=769)	88.4	0.084	89.0	0.008
	Present (n=78)	11.6		11.0
Injects into LH (n=78)	No (n=48)	52.8	0.166	55.6	0.037
	Yes (n=30)	47.2		44.4
Skip injection(s)	Yes (n=466)	69.5	<0.001	65.3	<0.001
	No (n=381)	30.5		34.7
Education on injection technique	Yes (n=780)	96.8	<0.001	92.6	0.416
	No (n=67)	3.2		7.4
Education provider	Doctors (n=537)	59.8	≤0.001	64.5	<0.001
	Others (n=242)	40.2		35.5
SMBG frequency	At least 1/day (n=73)	10.6	7.9
	At least 1/week (n=354)	42.4	0.223	42.6	0.509
	Never (n=420)	46.9		49.6

*p-value comparing the column proportions by Chi-square test.

HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; LH = lipohypertrophy; SMBG= self-monitoring of blood glucose.