Table 5: Syndromes involving the pituitary and diabetes/the pancreas.

Syndrome	Clinical manifestations
Wolfram syndrome	DM, central diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, neurodegeneration, prototype of endoplasmic reticulum disorder
Prader-Willi syndrome	Hyperphagia, obesity, hypotonia, hypopituitarism, DM
Mitochondrial diseases	Maternal inheritance, DM (mimics T2DM), sensorineural deafness (early onset), HPA axis dysfunction, GH deficiency
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome 1	Parathyroid adenoma, pituitary tumours, pancreatic endocrine tumour – gastrinoma and insulinoma (small, multiple, early onset)

DM = diabetes mellitus; GH = growth hormone; HPA = hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.