Table 3. Moderators and outcome variables in individual studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Location | No. of subject | Type of physical exercize | Type of study | FU (wk) | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | TT (nmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hiruntrakul et al (2010) [50] | KhonKaen, Thailand | 19 | D: 50′ | RCT | 12 | 21.00±2.00 | 20.99±3.35 | 18.46±5.62 |
| F: 1/wk | ||||||||
| T: bicycle ergometry | ||||||||
| I: 60% of maximal effort | ||||||||
| Arazi et al (2013) [51] | Rasht, Iran | 8 | D: 60′ | CBA-S | 8 | 49.7±2.1 | 26.3 | 11.76±0.96 |
| F: 3/wk | ||||||||
| T: anaerobic floor exercises (resistance training) | ||||||||
| Hayes et al (2015) [52] | Hamilton, UK | 28 | I: moderate | CBA | 28 | 63±5 | 29.7 | 13.25±6.15 |
| D: 150′ | ||||||||
| F: minimum 2/wk | ||||||||
| T: aerobic exercise | ||||||||
| I: moderate and vigorous | ||||||||
| Kumagai et al (2015) [53] | Tsukuba, Japan | 44 | D: 40–60′ | BA | 12 | 51.0±13.3 | 29±6.6 | 12.3±6.0 |
| F: 3/wk | ||||||||
| T: aerobic (walking and jogging) | ||||||||
| I: gradually from light to hard | ||||||||
| Armamento-Villareal et al (2016)a [42] | St. Louis, USA | 12 | D: 90′ | RCT | 52 | 68.7±1.8 | 35.1±5.2 | 9.28±4.34 |
| F: 3/wk | ||||||||
| T: aerobic exercises | ||||||||
| I: moderate | ||||||||
| Kumagai et al (2016) [54] | Tsukuba, Japan | 41 | D: up to 90′ | CBA | 12 | 49.2±6.0 | 29.0±3.0 | 12.2±6.04 |
| F: 4–7/wk | ||||||||
| T: aerobic (walking and/or jogging) | ||||||||
| I: moderate and vigorous | ||||||||
| Hayes et al (2017) [55] | Hamilton, UK | 22 | D: 150′ | CBA | 6 | - | - | - |
| F: every 5 days | ||||||||
| T: bicycle ergometry | ||||||||
| I: 40% of maximal effort | ||||||||
| Kumagai et al (2018) [56] | Tsukuba, Japan | 28 | D+F: at least 150′/wk | CBA-S | 12 | 50.0±6.4 | 27.4±2.1 | 15.4±7.4 |
| T: aerobic (walking and/ or light jogging+aerobic exercises at home) | ||||||||
| I: moderate to vigorous |
Values are presented as mean only or mean±standard deviation.
FU: follow-up, BMI: body mass index, TT: total testosterone, D: duration of each session of physical activity, F: frequency of physical activity, T: type of physical activity, I: intensity of physical activity, RCT: randomized controlled trials, CBA: controlled before-and-after study between two or more groups of participants receiving different interventions, BA: controlled cohort before-and-after comparisons in the same group of patients.
aExercise only group.