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. 2020 Jun 22;10:10036. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66538-0

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© The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of HCT and NCT on liver ketone bodies and redox status at day 21 of each protocol (n = 4 rats). Daily profile and daily average of (A) total serum ketone bodies, (B) acetoacetate and (C) β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). (A-C left) Daily profile (A–C right) and daily average of serum ketone bodies. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. For total ketone bodies: P < 0.01 c vs NCT, # vs ZT0, 6, 15, 18, 21 in HCT, $ vs ZT0, 6, 9 in HCT; P < 0.05 & vs ZT0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 in NCT; for acetoacetate: P < 0.01 b vs HCT, # vs ZT0, 6, 9, 15, 18, 21 in NCT; P < 0.05 # vs ZT0, 3, 6, 9 HCT, & vs ZT0 in HCT; for β-hydroxybutyrate: P < 0.01 c vs NCT, # vs ZT0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 in HCT. Bars represent the mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 b vs HCT. (D) Total redox state in terms of the NAD⁺/NADH ratio. Daily profile of lipoperoxidation in terms of (E) conjugated dienes, (F-left) TBARs and (F-right) TBARs + Fe²⁺. For conjugated dienes: P < 0.001 b vs HCT, c vs NCT; # vs ZT3, 6, 9, 12 in HCT. For TBARs: P < 0.05 a vs AL, b vs HCT, c vs NCT; # vs ZT9, 12, 15 in NCT, vs ZT15 in HCT, vs ZT12 in AL; for TBARs + Fe²⁺: P < 0.05 a vs AL, b vs HCT, c vs NCT; # vs ZT9 in NCT; vs ZT3 in HCT; vs ZT0, 3, 6, 9, 18, 21 in AL.