Table 1.

Specifications of testing engine. The methods described below have been reproduced in part from³².

Item	Specification
Type	4-cylinder, in-line, turbocharged and intercooled
Bore × stroke (mm)	105 × 118
Combustion chamber type	Direct injection ω type
Compression ratio	17.5
Displacement (L)	4.09
Max./torque/speed (Nm/r/min)	400/1,500
Rated power/speed (kW/r/min)	95/2,600
Max. injection pressure (MPa)	160
Fuel injection system	Electronic controlled high pressure common-rail