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. 2020 Jun 22;10:10060. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66964-0

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of fold change of cytokine expressing MAIT and CD8⁺ non-MAIT cell subsets in blood. Fold change following PMA/Ionomycin stimulation of (A) TNF-α⁺, (B) IFN-γ⁺, (C) IL-17⁺, (D) Granzyme B⁺ and (E) Ki-67-expressing MAIT and CD8⁺ non-MAIT cells compared to pre-samples (naïve) over the course of vaccination and infection. Significant differences between cytokine-expressing MAIT and non-MAIT cells at indicated time points are also shown. Data of (A–E) were analyzed by the Wilcoxon paired test. Horizontal and vertical bars denote mean and SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. The black arrows indicate persistence of significant differences compared to the naïve sample up to the time point marked by the dashed line. For simplicity, p values for each comparison ranging from <0.05 to <0.0001 are not shown. Similarly, the blue arrows indicate continuing significant differences between MAIT and non-MAIT cells at sequential time points.