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. 2020 Jun 22;10:10066. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66891-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Normalised weekly profiles of anthropogenic NOx emissions for Middle East countries used in the simulations (see main text). (b) Mean normalised weekly NO₂ cycle in Middle East cities observed by OMI (black), TROPOMI (dashed black) and predicted by the model (coloured lines). The model uses distinct weekly emission profiles for Egypt, Iran and Iraq (magenta), Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia (blue), Israel (green), and Turkey (yellow). Thick black line: average OMI 2005–2017; thin grey lines: individual years. The day-of-minimum normalised column is given inset for the model, OMI, and TROPOMI.