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. 2020 Jun 22;10:10088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66994-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative safe and unsafe ultrasound-induced BBB opening in rats. A real-time feedback control based on the detection of inertial cavitation events set the sonications to safe levels. MRI sequences (T2-weighted, 7 T) identified the presence of post-opening edema. Rat brain image (A) without edema and (B) with edema (red circle) following sonication. Similarly, post-mortem analysis confirms the safety of ultrasound-induced BBB opening without apparent damages using Evans Blue dye (C) and with visible hemorrhages following sonication (D). These results show the need for more robust and more reliable controls.