Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data comparisons.
| T2DM | HC | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.57 ± 7.12 | 57.86 ± 5.68 | 0.843 |
| Sex (male/female) | 24/13 | 17/20 | 0.102a |
| Education (years) | 12 (9, 14) | 12 (9, 12) | 0.853b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.07 ± 2.68 | 24.20 ± 4.09 | 0.283 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.11 ± 16.93 | 136.62 ± 16.69 | 0.100 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.22 ± 10.15 | 80.54 ± 9.76 | 0.771 |
| Disease duration (years) | 8.70 ± 5.51 | NA | NA |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.40 (6.65, 8.60) | 5.70 (5.40, 5.95) | <0.001*b |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.74 ± 2.85 | 5.27 ± 0.50 | <0.001* |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 14.87 (9.61, 23.82) | 11.63 (9.11, 17.39) | 0.258b |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/ml) | 2.08 ± 1.11 | 2.10 ± 0.92 | 0.917 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.25 ± 0.83 | 4.99 ± 0.79 | <0.001* |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.34 ± 2.30 | 16.58 ± 1.60 | 0.009* |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 2.11 (1.42, 2.61) | 1.96 (1.49, 3.35) | 0.261b |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.93 ± 1.20 | 5.22 ± 1.14 | 0.280 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.05, 2.29) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.46) | 0.025*b |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.29 | 1.47 ± 0.35 | <0.001* |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.15 ± 0.94 | 3.30 ± 0.78 | 0.449 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.40 (4.25, 7.00) | 5.30 (4.80, 5.95) | 0.779b |
| Serum creatine (μmol/L) | 64.00 (57.00, 78.00) | 75.00 (63.00, 84.00) | 0.070b |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 318.76 ± 71.82 | 331.84 ± 68.13 | 0.424 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.87) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.87) | 0.387b |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 10.36 (8.28, 15.08) | 9.93 (8.24, 12.06) | 0.364b |
*p < 0.05. Data are presented as n for proportions, means ± SD for normally distributed continuous data, and median (QR) for non-normally distributed data. aThe p-value for sex was obtained using the χ2 test. bThe p-value was obtained using the Mann–Whitney U test. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy controls; BMI, body mass index; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable.