Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable analysis for the association between influenza-like symptoms and COVID-19 diagnosis
| Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis with anosmia/hyposmia | Multivariable analysis with dysgeusia/ageusia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.04 | ||||
| Gender | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.7 | ||||
| Fever | 2.4 (1.1–5.1) | 0.02 | 1.9 (0.7–5.3) | 0.2 | 1.8 (0.7–4.7) | 0.3 |
| Cough | 2.7 (1.3–5.6) | < 0.01 | 1.8 (0.7–5.2) | 0.3 | 2.2 (0.9–5.8) | 0.1 |
| Sore throat | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | < 0.01 | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.01 | 0.3 (0.09–0.6) | < 0.01 |
| Rhinorrhea | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 0.05 | ||||
| Nasal congestion | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 0.7 | ||||
| Shortness of breath | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 0.2 | ||||
| Fatigue | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.2 | ||||
| Headache | 3.6 (1.1–13.9) | 0.04 | 3.6 (0.7–22.0) | 0.1 | 3.7 (0.8–20.6) | 0.1 |
| Abdominal pain or diarrhea | 2.2 (1.0–5.0) | 0.04 | ||||
| Anosmia/hyposmia* | 19.7 (6.1–88.7) | < 0.001 | 14.4 (4.0–70.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Dysgeusia/ageusia* | 13.2 (4.6–48.0) | < 0.001 | 11.4 (3.6–45.3) | < 0.001 | ||
Notes: Boldface text indicates statistically significant p-value (< 0.05).
*Smell and taste loss based on reported data around the time of self-reported COVID-19 symptom onset (5 days before or any time after); OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.