TABLE 3.
Risk of incident type 2 diabetes according to circulating erythrocyte FA biomarkers of arachidic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid among 1314 women in the NHS (n = 133 cases) and 1517 men in the HPFS (n = 112 cases)1
| Cohort, specific FA quartiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P for trend5 |
| Arachidic acid, NHS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | |
| Cases/person-years | 53/5848 | 39/5681 | 28/5304 | 13/5543 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.72 (0.47, 1.09) | 0.56 (0.36, 0.89) | 0.30 (0.16, 0.56) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.81 (0.53, 1.23) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.97) | 0.32 (0.17, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.85 (0.55, 1.31) | 0.61 (0.38, 0.98) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.58) | <0.001 |
| Arachidic acid, HPFS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | |
| Cases/person-years | 33/4393 | 27/4231 | 30/4109 | 30/4116 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.96 (0.57, 1.60) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.65) | 1.11 (0.67, 1.82) | 0.71 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.87 (0.52, 1.47) | 0.89 (0.54, 1.50) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.83) | 0.78 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.90 (0.53, 1.52) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.55) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.85) | 0.82 |
| Arachidic acid, pooled4 | Reference | 0.87 (0.62, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.33) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.87) | 0.01 |
| Behenic acid, NHS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.42 ± 0.07 | 1.65 ± 0.07 | 1.98 ± 0.18 | |
| Cases/person-years | 46/5824 | 33/5488 | 31/5610 | 23/5453 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.93 (0.59, 1.46) | 0.88 (0.55, 1.40) | 0.62 (0.38, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 1.05 (0.67, 1.67) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.56) | 0.65 (0.38, 1.08) | 0.13 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.68 (0.41, 1.13) | 0.60 (0.35, 1.01) | 0.35 (0.19, 0.65) | 0.001 |
| Behenic acid, HPFS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 1.22 ± 0.14 | 1.50 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.05 | 1.94 ± 0.16 | |
| Cases/person-years | 41/4099 | 28/4352 | 26/4084 | 25/4304 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.66 (0.41, 1.06) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.11) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.93) | 0.03 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.61 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.59 (0.36, 0.98) | 0.50 (0.30, 0.85) | 0.01 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.68 (0.42, 1.13) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.14) | 0.60 (0.34, 1.06) | 0.07 |
| Behenic acid, pooled4 | Reference | 0.84 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.69 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76) | 0.001 |
| Lignoceric acid, NHS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 2.03 ± 0.36 | 2.81 ± 0.16 | 3.38 ± 0.18 | 4.31 ± 0.52 | |
| Cases/person-years | 38/5877 | 22/5640 | 37/5396 | 36/5463 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.58 (0.34, 0.98) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.98) | 0.99 (0.63, 1.57) | 0.50 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.61 (0.36, 1.05) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.21) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.63) | 0.45 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.46 (0.26, 0.82) | 0.97 (0.57, 1.65) | 0.65 (0.37, 1.16) | 0.50 |
| Lignoceric acid, HPFS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 2.84 ± 0.42 | 3.72 ± 0.16 | 4.21 ± 0.14 | 4.87 ± 0.33 | |
| Cases/person-years | 33/4210 | 23/3985 | 37/4371 | 27/4274 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.80 (0.47, 1.36) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.66) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.31) | 0.51 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.80 (0.47, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.54) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.16) | 0.24 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.93 (0.53, 1.62) | 1.29 (0.76, 2.19) | 1.04 (0.57, 1.90) | 0.68 |
| Lignoceric acid, pooled4 | Reference | 1.07 (0.75, 1.55) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.75) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.46) | 0.95 |
| Sum (arachidic acid + behenic acid + lignoceric acid), NHS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 3.52 ± 0.54 | 4.68 ± 0.23 | 5.48 ± 0.25 | 6.71 ± 0.65 | |
| Cases/person-years | 40/5682 | 27/5705 | 32/5534 | 34/5455 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.68 (0.42, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.58) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.42) | 0.92 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.68, 1.77) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.50) | 0.95 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 0.54 (0.32, 0.93) | 0.72 (0.42, 1.25) | 0.56 (0.32, 0.98) | 0.13 |
| Sum (arachidic acid + behenic acid + lignoceric acid), HPFS | |||||
| % of total FA, mean ± SD | 4.47 ± 0.56 | 5.59 ± 0.21 | 6.25 ± 0.19 | 7.15 ± 0.46 | |
| Cases/person-years | 33/4175 | 28/4031 | 30/4310 | 29/4325 | |
| Age- and BMI-adjusted HR | Reference | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) | 0.92 (0.56, 1.52) | 0.79 (0.47, 1.32) | 0.38 |
| Multivariable HR 12 | Reference | 0.96 (0.58, 1.61) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.37) | 0.72 (0.43, 1.22) | 0.19 |
| Multivariable HR 23 | Reference | 1.14 (0.67, 1.94) | 1.10 (0.63, 1.90) | 1.07 (0.59, 1.94) | 0.82 |
| Sum (arachidic acid + behenic acid + lignoceric acid), pooled4 | Reference | 1.09 (0.76, 1.56) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.59) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.21) | 0.94 |
Values are means ± SDs or HRs (95% CIs). FA, fatty acid; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
Model adjusted for age, BMI, race (white, nonwhite), smoking status (never, former, current, missing), physical activity (metabolic equivalents/wk), alcohol (g/d), family history of diabetes (yes, no, missing), parental history of myocardial infarction (yes, no, missing), hypercholesterolemia (yes, no), hypertension (yes, no), menopausal status in NHS (pre, post), postmenopausal hormone use in NHS (no, yes, missing), Alternative Healthy Eating Index, glycemic load (continuous), and total energy (kcal/d).
Included multivariate model 1 covariates and further adjusted for erythrocyte concentrations of trans-elaidic acid, trans-linoleaidic acid, and the sum of pentadecylic acid, margaric acid, and trans-palmitoleic acid.
Pooled estimates and P values were calculated by combining the participant data from both cohorts and further adjusting multivariate model 1 by sex.
P for trend was calculated by assigning the median values to each quartile and modeling the median values as a continuous variable.