TABLE 2.

Results of heart rate- and respiratory variability and cardiorespiratory coupling analyses to differentiate between patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (SZO), healthy first-degree relatives (REL), and healthy control subjects (CON).

	Index	CON vs. SZO	Cohen’s d	CON vs. REL	Cohen’s d	SZO vs. REL	Cohen’s d	CON			REL			SZO
								Median	[25–75]		Median	[25–75]		Median	[25–75]
Cardiac	HR	***	†⁣†⁣†	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	62.4	56.7	70.8	72.8	69.8	80.0	80.9	71.5	88.6
	meanNN_BBI	***	†⁣†⁣†	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	962.1	847.9	1058.2	824.2	750.2	859.2	741.4	677.4	839.1
	sdNN_BBI	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	66.2	49.4	75.3	47.5	35.1	55.1	43.7	27.9	57.4
Respiratoy	BF	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	14.9	13.2	16.8	16.0	14.2	18.7	20.3	15.5	23.2
	meanNN_RESP	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	4.0	3.6	4.5	3.8	3.2	4.2	2.9	2.6	3.9
	sdNN_RESP	n.s	–	n.s	–	n.s	–	0.78	0.56	1.23	0.49	0.42	0.87	0.70	0.38	1.27
Couplings	NF	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	***	†⁣†⁣†	–1.9	–2.0	–1.9	–1.8	–1.9	–1.6	–1.3	–1.7	–0.8
	ABBI → RESP	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	0.04	0.03	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.10
	ARESP → BBI	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	***	†⁣†⁣†	0.46	0.35	0.53	0.39	0.33	0.46	0.27	0.19	0.35
	MuTEBBI → RESP	**	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	0.000	0.000	0.011	0.005	0.000	0.015	0.012	0.000	0.018
	MuTERESP → BBI	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†	n.s	†⁣†⁣†	0.047	0.033	0.061	0.043	0.011	0.049	0.011	0.000	0.026
	Ū F̄x,y	***	†⁣†⁣†	n.s	†	***	†⁣†⁣†	0.10	0.08	0.13	0.09	0.07	0.14	0.14	0.11	0.19
	RSAP2V	***	†⁣†⁣†	**	†⁣†⁣†	**	†⁣†⁣†	123.0	58.8	201.9	58.9	31.6	98.3	30.8	14.8	51.4

BBI, beat-to-beat intervals; RESP, time intervals between consecutive breathing cycles; HR, heart rate; BF, breathing frequency; A, area from NSTPDC for identifying the coupling strength; MuTE, multivariate Transfer Entropy; ${\overline{\text{UF}}}_{HR,BF}$, RSA, respiratory sinus arrhythmia; _P2V, peak-to-valley; p, univariate significance level: **<0.01, ***<0.004; n.s., not significant; Cohen’s d: ^†0.1—0.3: small effect, ^†⁣†0.3—0.5: medium effect, ^{†⁣†⁣†}0.5 and higher: strong effect).