Skip to main content
. 2020 Jun 16;11:999. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00999

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

The protective effects of candidate probiotics for human oral keratinocytes against A. actinomycetemcomitans. All probiotic cells, cell lysates, and culture supernatants protect HOKs against A. actinomycetemcomitans. HOKs were inoculated with either live L. rhamnosus GG (LHR), L. reuteri (LR), or S. salivarius K-12 (SS) cells, lysates and supernatants (s-n) (white bars) or simultaneously in combination with A. actinomycetemcomitans (AA) (gray bars). All experiments were performed for a minimum of three biological replicates, with three technical replicates each time. All data are shown as mean values plus/minus standard deviations. Results expressed as the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05.