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. 2020 Jun 16;11:999. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00999

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Copyright © 2020 Moman, O’Neill, Ledder, Cheesapcharoen and McBain.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Protection of larvae conferred by prior inoculation with candidate probiotics and administration of periodontal pathogens 24 h later, into the different larval prolegs. Pathogen only (black symbols) and PBS (white symbols). L. rhamnosus (gray symbols), L. reuteri (red symbols), or S. salivarius (blue symbols). All experiments were done twice on 2 consecutive weeks, with different batches of larvae and with three replica plates where each plate contains 10 larvae. Prior-injection of larvae with L. rhamnosus GG or S. salivarius K-12 was highly protective against F. nucleatum. L. reuteri had the most effective protection against the effects of P. gingivalis, while S. salivarius afforded the greatest protective effect against A. actinomycetamcomitans.