. 2020 Jun 23;117:108060. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108060

Table 1.

Characteristics of substance abuse treatment facilities by telemedicine adoption.

	Tele-SUD offered (n = 2247)		Tele-SUD not offered (n = 10,660)		Adjusted odds ratio	95% confidence interval
	n	%	n	%	Adjusted odds ratio	95% confidence interval
U.S. region
Midwest	599	18.8	2584	81.2	Ref
Northeast	295	11.3	2307	88.7	0.50^⁎⁎⁎	[0.43,0.59]
South	708	20.4	2765	79.6	1.07	[0.94,1.22]
West	645	17.7	3004	82.3	0.93	[0.80,1.07]

Metropolitan location^a
Metropolitan	1531	15.8	8173	84.2	Ref
Not metropolitan	716	22.4	2487	77.6	1.51^⁎⁎⁎	[1.36,1.68]

Type of treatment center
Outpatient only	1601	16.9	7883	83.1	Ref
Hospital inpatient only	17	8.3	187	91.7	0.42^⁎⁎⁎	[0.25,0.70]
Residential only	288	15.6	1559	84.4	1.12	[0.97,1.30]
Multiple settings	341	24.9	1031	75.1	1.49^⁎⁎⁎	[1.30,1.72]

Pharmacotherapy services
Does not offer SUD medications^b	981	14.2	5905	85.8	Ref
Offers one or more SUD medications	1266	21.0	4755	79.0	1.85^⁎⁎⁎	[1.67,2.04]

Forms of payment
Does not accept Medicaid	697	16.5	3540	83.5	Ref
Accept Medicaid	1550	17.9	7120	82.1	1.09	[0.97,1.22]

Drug-related mortality^c
Location (county) in bottom tertile for drug related mortality rate	724	16.5	3657	83.5	Ref
Location (county) in top tertile for drug related mortality rate	928	17.3	4426	82.7	1.13^⁎	[1.01,1.27]

Patient population
Serves children (no age limit or 10+)	1077	18.3	4821	81.7	Ref
Serves adults only (17+)	1170	16.7	5839	83.3	0.82^⁎⁎⁎	[0.73,0.91]

Facility ownership
Government	234	19.6	958	80.4	Ref
Private for-profit organization	893	17.9	4109	82.1	1.05	[0.89,1.25]
Private non-profit organization	1120	16.7	5593	83.3	0.97	[0.83,1.14]

American Telemedicine Association Grade for State (2016)^d
A	253	18.1	1143	81.9	Ref
B	1634	17.6	7640	82.4	1.08	[0.93,1.27]
C	360	16.1	1877	83.9	0.9	[0.73,1.10]

Telemedicine Parity Law (2016)
No	851	17.0	4142	83.0	Ref
Yes	1396	17.6	6518	82.4	1	[0.90,1.12]

Calculated using National Center for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties.

Defined as not offering any of the following medications: Naltrexone, Methadone, Buprenorphine, Acamprosate or Disulfiram.

Calculated using National Vital Statistics System multiple cause-of-death mortality files.

ATA grade captures the extent to which state policies governing the Medicaid program and private payers are telemedicine friendly. The ATA grade accounts for various restrictions on the practice and reimbursement of telemedicine services.

^⁎

p < 0.05.

^⁎⁎⁎

p < 0.001.