Table 2.
Study characteristics of studies added to the systematic review update
| Study ID | Format of measurement | Content of measurement | Comparator | Health-related outcome | Follow-up | Country | Study setting | Population, age, and gender composition | Sample size at follow-up | Funding | Risk of bias score | Protocol preregistration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barber et al. (2016) [14] | Interview | Interviewed at baseline and follow-up plus weekly survey interviews over 12 mo about pregnancy and contraception use (behavior) | Control interviewed at baseline and follow-up | Sexual behavior (self-report) | 12 mo | USA | Community | Female, age 18–20 yr | Measurement condition = 92; no-measurement condition = 94 | National Institute of Child Health and Human Development & National Institute on Drug Abuse | 9 | No |
| Carey et al. (2015) [15] | Questionnaire | Sexual health survey (cognition and behavior: informational, motivational, and behavioral skills measures, e.g., knowledge, attitudes, negotiation skills), and either general or sexual health DVD (2 measurement groups combined). | General survey and either general or sexual health DVD (2 control groups combined) | Sexual behavior (self-report) | 3 mo | USA | Sexual health clinic | 44% female, mean age = 28.5 yr | Measurement condition = 410; no-measurement condition = 420 | National Institute of Mental Health | 9 | Yes |
| Conner et al. (2017) [16] | Questionnaire | Questionnaire with and without sticky note. Cognition: beneficence, intention, and attitude (2 measurement conditions combined) | No contact and demographics (2 control conditions combined) | Vaccination uptake (objective) | 4 mo | UK | Community | 56.3% female, mean age 75.7 yr | Measurement condition = 3,420; no-measurement condition = 3,425 | UK Economic and Social Research Council | 4 | No |
| McCambridge et al. (2013) [17] | Questionnaire | Alcohol assessment only (behavior) | No contact control group | Alcohol drinking (self-report) | 3 mo | Sweden | Educational institution | 51.5% female; 26.5% = 18–20 yr, 56.1% = 21–25 yr, 17.4% ≥ 26 yr | Measurement condition = 2,594; no-measurement condition = 2,669 | The Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research and Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowship | 0 | Yes |
| McDermott et al. (2018) [10] | Questionnaire | Standard invitation letter and questionnaire (cognition: theory of planned behavior constructs) | Standard invitation letter | Health check (objective) | 6 mo | UK | Community | 43.7% female, 52.4% male, 3.9% missing; 83.0% 40–59 yr, 13.1% 60–74 yr, 3.9% missing | Measurement condition = 3,988; no-measurement condition = 4,095 | National Institute for Health Research | 0 | Yes |
| Meier et al. (2017) [18] | Questionnaire | Alcohol-related questions on frequency and quantity of consumption and a battery of measures assessing behavior and cognition: consequences, normative perceptions, and diagnostic criteria | Control with minimal assessment (daily drinking grid) | Alcohol drinking (self-report) | 1 mo | USA | Educational institution | 61.7% female, mean age + 19.97 yr | Measurement condition = 65; no-measurement condition = 47 | National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Psi Chi, the International Honor Society in Psychology; National Institute on Drug Abuse | 7 | No |
| O'Carroll et al. (2015) [9] | Questionnaire | Prenotification letter and questionnaire comprising cognition: health locus of control scale, ICK (disgust), perceived benefit, intention, and anticipated regret. | Standard prenotification letter | Screening (objective) | 6 mo | UK | Community | 51.0% female; 26.6% 50–54 yr, 20.1% 55–60 yr, 16.5% 60–64 yr, 21.0% 65–69 yr and 15.8% 70–74 yr | Measurement condition = 19,934; no-measurement condition = 19,604 | Scottish Government, Department of Health, Chief Scientist's Office | 1 | Yes |
| O'Carroll et al. (2016) [19] | Questionnaire | Questions on demographics and cognition: affective attitudes, intention, theory of planned behavior constructs, and anticipated regret. | Questions on demographics | Organ donation (other) (objective) | 6 mo | UK | Community | 56.5% female, mean age = 41.0 yr | Measurement condition = 2,308; no-measurement condition = 2,330 | Scottish Government Chief Scientist's Office | 1 | Yes |
| Wilding et al. (2018) [20] | Questionnaire | Questions on cognition and behavior: theory of planned behavior constructs | Demographic questions and theory of planned behavior questions focusing on 6 purchasing behaviors | Aggregate health risk/protective behaviors (other) (self-report) | 4 wk | World | Community | 49.7% female; mean age = 31.8 yr | Measurement condition = 502; no-measurement condition = 520 | UK Medical Research Council | 5 | No |
| Wood et al. (2014) [21] | Questionnaire | Questions on healthy eating intentions based on cognition: theory of planned behavior constructs | Word jumble and questions on intentions for internet use (2 control groups combined) | Diet (objective) | Immediately after measurement | UK | Educational institution | 73.5% female, mean age = 24.5 yr | Measurement condition = 42; no-measurement condition = 85 | Not reported | 12 | No |