Table 3.

Standardized mean difference for the question-behavior effect by risk of bias and preregistration of protocol

Sensitivity variable	Measurement group (n)	No-measurement group (n)	k	I2	Q	SMD	95% CI
Risk of bias score					1.37
Below median (3.5)	41,685	48,873	22	63		0.07	0.04 to 0.11
Above median (3.5)	6,854	6,700	21	46		0.03	−0.04 to 0.10
Protocol preregistration					9.04
Yes	29,566	29,487	6	72		−0.02	−0.07 to 0.04
No	52,291	59,412	37	38		0.09	0.05 to 0.13
O'Carroll et al. (2015) [9]					82.2
Included	48,539	55,573	43	54		0.06	0.02 to 0.09
Excluded	28,605	35,969	42	50		0.06	0.03 to 0.10

Abbreviations: SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.