Figure 3.

Distinct response of Vero/anti-S1 cells membrane-engineered with human chimeric antibodies (Vero_) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein compared with the response of non-electroporated Vero cells (Vero) or electroporated but not antibody-engineered cells (Vero Elec). Cells were membrane-engineered with different antibody concentrations (Vero_0.5:0.5 μg/mL; Vero_1:1 μg/mL; Vero_5:5 μg/mL; Vero_10:10 μg/mL). Blank: response of the S1 protein solution added to cell-free electrodes. Results are presented after three (red columns) or ten minutes (blue columns) of sample–cell interaction. ****: statistically significant different results (p < 0.0001); n.s.: non-statistically significant different results. Results are expressed as normalized biosensor responses (% blank = control) (n = 24).