Table 1.
Demographics, baseline characteristics, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors of COVID-19 patients
| Characteristics | Total (n = 24) | Severe patients (n = 14) | Critical patients (n = 10) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean range, years | 68 (36, 88) | 65 (36, 81) | 77 (64, 88) | .003 |
| Gender | .521 | |||
| Male, n (%) | 15 (62.5) | 10 (71.4) | 5 (50) | |
| Female, n (%) | 9 (37.5) | 4 (28.6) | 5 (50) | |
| Admission to ICU, mean (SD), days | 22 (22) | 13 (8) | 35 (28) | .009 |
| SOFA score, mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.4) | 2.8 (1.7) | 4.9 (2.8) | .015 |
| Complications, n (%) | .568 | |||
| Hypertension | 10 (41.7) | 6 (42.9) | 4 (40.0) | 1 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4 (16.7) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (30.0) | .355 |
| Chronic Pulmonary disease | 6 (25) | 1 (7.1) | 5 (50.0) | .056 |
| Diabetes | 6 (25) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (40.0) | .339 |
| Hyperlipemia | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (12.5) | 2 (14.3) | 1 (10.0) | 1 |
| Immune disorders | 3 (12.5) | 3 (21.4) | 0 | .348 |
| Others | 1 (4.2) | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 1 |
| Laboratory data, mean (SD) | ||||
| WBC, 109/L | 7.72 (5.12) | 5.82 (2.13) | 10.20 (6.8) | .039 |
| Lymphocyte, 109/L | 1.08 (0.47) | 0.93 (0.45) | 1.27 (0.44) | .089 |
| Neutrophil, 109/L | 6.34 (4.91) | 4.59 (1.74) | 8.63 (6.7) | .048 |
| Platelets, 109/L | 211 (98) | 206 (85) | 218 (117) | .785 |
| PT, s | 13.1 (1.7) | 13.5 (1.9) | 12.7 (1.4) | .291 |
| APTT, s | 33.8 (8.6) | 33.9 (7.2) | 33.7 (10.4) | .973 |
| d-dimer, mg/L | 4.9 (7.6) | 2.9 (5.2) | 7.1 (9.3) | .213 |
| CRP, mg/L | 69.4 (66.1) | 55.3 (32.7) | 85.1 (89.6) | .315 |
| LDH, U/L | 403.6 (129.6) | 398.3 (66.1) | 406.3 (155.5) | .916 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 108.1 (172.4) | 67.9 (12.9) | 148.1 (242.9) | .331 |
| ALT, U/L | 40.5 (13.9) | 44.8 (23.2) | 41.9 (31.5) | .809 |
| Blood potassium, mmol/L | 4.0 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.5) | .299 |
| Blood sodium, mmol/L | 137.4 (5.9) | 137.1 (8.2) | 137.8 (2.7) | .772 |
| Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, median (IQR), pg/mL | ||||
| VEGF-D | 40.1 (17.7, 64.8) | 25.9 (12.3, 40.6) | 62.9 (45.8, 79.6) | .0048 |
| TNF-α | 25.3 (3.2, 67.9) | 8.6 (0, 48.4) | 54.8 (15.3, 131.0) | .027 |
| SCF | 17.1 (9.2, 20.7) | 13.9 (7.7, 18.4) | 20.1 (16.2, 68.3) | .019 |
| LIF | 18.4 (4.2, 64.9) | 7.4 (1.9, 21.9) | 56.5 (10.8, 96.9) | .0089 |
| IL-2 | 35.2 (8.7, 59.1) | 17.5 (4.7, 43.5) | 55.2 (23.5, 90.2) | .018 |
| IL-4 | 2.1 (0, 20.2) | 0 (0, 9.8) | 143.7 (47.2, 203.9) | .033 |
| IL-6 | 54.2 (26.7, 157.8) | 35.4 (19.5, 76.9) | 143.7 (47.2, 203.9) | .019 |
| IL-8 | 20.1 (0.1, 44.2) | 2.6 (0, 13.0) | 13.0 (5.4, 17.8) | .039 |
| IL-10 | 6.0 (1.4, 15.3) | 3.9 (0.9, 6.2) | 8.4 (3.3, 24.1) | .038 |
| IL-15 | 20.1 (4.8, 44.2) | 10.7 (1.8, 26.3) | 38.7 (18.1, 83.3) | .018 |
| IL-17A | 19.8 (0.7, 55.3) | 9.5 (0, 26.2) | 50.0 (16.4, 109.4) | .021 |
| IL-18 | 86.0 (19.8, 185.6) | 29.2 (18.5, 109.1) | 158.9 (91.8, 209.2) | .046 |
| IL-1β | 8.8 (2.1, 25.2) | 4.4 (1.6, 15.8) | 22.8 (7.8, 52.7) | .022 |
| IFN-γ | 17.6 (6.2, 29.9) | 9.1 (3.6, 24.2) | 26.4 (12.9, 53.2) | .013 |
WBC white blood cells, CRP C-reactive protein, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, ALT alanine aminotransferase, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, SCF stem cell factor; LIF leukemia inhibitory factor, IL interleukin, IFN interferon