Table 3.
Association between Symptoms of Depression and Active Smoking among Survivors of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction
| Odds ratio (95% CI) of active smoking by depressiona | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke and Ml | Stroke | Ml | |
| Self-reported active smoking | |||
| Model 1 | 3.89 (2.58–5.86) | 3.57 (2.11–6.06) | 4.31 (2.37–7.85) |
| Model 2 | 2.32 (1.42–3.78) | 1.70 (0.88–3.28) | 2.96 (1.47–5.95) |
| Model 3 | 2.28 (1.24–4.20) | 2.97 (1.20–7.38) | 1.47 (0.63–3.46) |
| Biochemically-assessed active smoking | |||
| Model 1 | 3.50 (2.32–5.27) | 3.44 (1.82–6.49) | 3.70 (2.07–6.60) |
| Model 2 | 2.13 (1.31–3.48) | 1.52 (0.70–3.29) | 2.92 (1.45–5.86) |
| Model 3 | 2.23 (1.18–4.19) | 2.58 (0.95–7.02) | 1.66 (0.76–3.59) |
Abbreviations: MI, myocardial infarction.
a
Symptoms of depression ascertained based on Patient Health Questionnaire –9 score of ≥ 10. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, education, insurance, and poverty (defined using the poverty-ratio index). Model 3 is additionally adjusted for smoking-related illnesses (hypertension, cancer, pulmonary disease) and health-related behaviors (physical inactivity, drug use, heavy alcohol use) .