FIG 2.

Pathogen-induced ER stress and the convergence with NOD1/2 signaling. Bacteria (left panel) and viruses, fungi, and parasites (right panel) differentially induce ER stress, which may be sensed by NOD1/2. Pathogens or pathogen-encoded proteins are depicted in red. RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; IAV, influenza A virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus (proteins UL50 and M50); CVB, coxsackievirus B; Cm, Chlamydia muridarum; Lp, Legionella pneumophila; Ct, Chlamydia trachomatis; Cp, Chlamydia pneumoniae; Hp, Helicobacter pylori; Cj, Campylobacter jejuni; STm, Salmonella Typhimurium; Tc, Trypanosoma cruzi; L. mono., Listeria monocytogenes; LLO, listeriolysin O; SubAB, subtilase toxin AB.