Figure 1.

Proposed Mechanism for EO and components Agonizing and Antagonizing the ERα and/or AR Receptor mechanisms. Estrogen or androgen hormones can elicit biological responses by interaction with cell membrane-based receptor proteins (GPR30 or R) to instigate intracellular agonist signaling mechanisms. The hormones can stimulate agonist activities by interacting with nuclear forms of the receptor proteins to stimulate DNA binding genomic mechanisms of gene regulation (direct or tethering). Nuclear hormone receptors can also be activated in a ligand independent mechanism by other intracellular signaling mechanisms (e.g. Growth Factors). EO acting as endocrine disruptors can alter any of these possible cellular mechanisms.