Table 1.
S. No | Study design | Name of disease | No. of patients | Age group (in years) | Duration of the study | Name of pre & prebiotic used | Control group | Main outcome of the study | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Randomized Control Trial (RCT) | Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | 39 | 19–75 | 4 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. actis, B. longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus | Placebo | Significantly enhanced the fecal contents of most probiotic strains. Promoted diarrhea-symptom scores in the IBS patients. |
Yoon et al. (2015) |
2 | Double Blind Clinical Trial | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | 105 | 36–38 | 8 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 | Placebo | Significantly increased the numbers of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides in the treated group | Shadnoush, Hosseini et al. (2015) |
3 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Infantile colic | 24 | <1 (3 weeks-6 months) | 21 days | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Placebo | Significantly improved colic symptoms | Chau, Lau et al. (2015) |
4 | RCT | Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) | 400 | <1 (<32 weeks) | 8 weeks | Bifidobacteriumlactis as probiotic and inulin as prebiotic | Placebo | Probiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis) and synbiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis plus inulin) but not prebiotic (inulin) alone decrease NEC | Dilli, Aydin et al. (2015) |
5 | RCT | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | 42 | 18–65 | 8 weeks | Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus | Placebo | Significantly reduced insulin, insulin resistance, TNF-a, and IL-6 decreased | Sepideh, Karim et al. (2016) |
6 | RCT | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | 46 | 20–80 | 8 weeks | Lactobacillus casei 01 | Placebo | No significant effect on oxidative status was observed between the treated and placebo groups | Vaghef-Mehrabany, Homayouni-Rad et al. (2016) |
7 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial |
RA | 30 | 25–70 | 8 weeks |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum |
Placebo | Significantly improved Disease Activity Score of 28 Joints (DAS-28). Significantly lowered serum insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment-B cell function (HOMA-B), and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations |
Zamani, Golkar et al. (2016) |
8 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial |
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) | 60 | 60–95 | 12 weeks | Lactobacillusacidophilus, Lactobacilluscasei,Bifidobacteriumbifidum, andLactobacillusfermentum | Placebo | Significantly improved Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)score in the treated group. No considerable effect on oxidative stress and inflammation, fasting plasma glucose, and other lipid profiles was observed |
Akbari, Asemi et al. (2016) |
9 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial |
Parkinson disease (PD) | 120 | 71.8 ± 7.7 | 4 weeks |
Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus, and Bifidobacterium as probiotics and Psyllium fiber as prebiotic |
Placebo | Significantly improved constipation in PD patients. | Barichella, Pacchetti et al. (2016) |
10 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Overweight diabetic patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). | 30 | 40–85 | 12 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, as probiotics and Inulin as prebiotic | Placebo | Significantly decreased plasma glucose, serum insulin concentrations. Improved insulin sensitivity. |
Tajabadi-Ebrahimi, Sharifi et al. (2017) |
11 | Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | IBS | 54 | 18–70 | 8 weeks |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus L. casei, L. paracasei, L. plantarum L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus, L. bulgaricus and Lactococcus lactis |
Placebo | No significant difference was observed between the treated and placebo groups | Hod, Sperber et al. (2017) |
12 | Randomized Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial |
NAFLD | 64 | 10–18 | 12 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Placebo | Significantly decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase, mean aspartate aminotransferase, mean cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-C, and triglycerides as well as waist circumference in the intervention group. No significant change in weight, body mass index, and body mass index z score was observed between the two groups. |
Famouri, Shariat et al. (2017) |
13 | Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Overweight or obesity | 22 | 7–12 | 12 weeks | Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Placebo | Significantly decreased body weight z-score, percent body fat, and percent trunk fat and levels of interleukin 6 and serum triglycerides in the treated group. | Nicolucci, Hume et al. (2017) |
14 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | IBS | 22 | 30–50 | 10 weeks | Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 (BL) | Placebo | BL reduced depression but not anxiety scores and increases quality of life in patients with IBS | Pinto-Sanchez, Hall et al. (2017) |
15 | Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial | Diabetes | 60 | 54.0 ± 16.0 | 12 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum | Placebo | Significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated beta-cell function and HbA1c, and improved quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Significantly reduced serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma malondialdehyde, subjective global assessment scores and total iron binding capacity, and a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity |
Soleimani, Mojarrad et al. (2017) |
16 | Randomized, Double-Blind Trial | Overweight or obesity | 21 | 20–59 | 8 weeks | Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei; Lactococcus lactis; Bifidobacterium bifidum and lactis | Placebo | Significantly reduced the waist circumference, waist-height ratio, conicity index, and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase. | Gomes, de Sousa et al. (2017) |
17 | Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial | NAFLD | 75 | 20–60 | 12 weeks | Bifidobacterium longum (BL) and Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic and inulin high performance (HP) as prebiotic | Placebo | Supplementation with probiotics and/or prebiotics improved amino transferase enzymes, and supplementation with probiotics or pro- and prebiotics recovered the grade of fatty liver in NAFLD patients. | Javadi, Ghavami et al. (2017) |
18 | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Overweight and obese type-2 diabetes | 60 | 30–55 | 45 days | Sodium butyrate and inulin | Placebo | Significantly improved Akkermansia muciniphila percent change. Significant decreased TNF-α mRNA, hs-CRP, MDA and diastolic blood pressure levels in the treated groups |
Roshanravan, Mahdavi et al. (2017) |
19 | Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) | 48 | 32–68 | 8 weeks | L plantarum A7 | Placebo | Improved oxidative stress factors among DKD patients | Miraghajani, Zaghian et al. (2017) |
20 | Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial | NAFLD | 84 | 20–60 | 12 weeks | BL as probiotic and inulin as prebiotic | Placebo | Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation improved serum lipid profile and insulin resistance markers in NAFLD patients. | Javadi, Ghavami et al. (2018) |
21 | Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
Major depressive disorder | 81 | 18–50 | 8 weeks | Lactobacillus helveticus and B.L. as probiotic and galactooligosaccharide as prebiotic | Placebo | Improved Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score in the treatment group | Kazemi, Noorbala et al. (2019) |
22 | Single-Blind, Parallel, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Overweight or obesity | 41 | 30–65 | 12 weeks | Bacillus coagulans BC30, 6086 as probiotic and β-glucans as prebiotic | Placebo | The formulated synbiotic pasta showed synbiotic exhibited beneficial effects on plasma resistin, plasma LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, and plasma hs-CRP | Angelino, Martina et al. (2019) |
23 | Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial | Overweight or obesity | 50 | 20–60 | 12 weeks |
B. breve CBT BR3, L. plantarum CBT LP3 as probiotic and fructo-oligosaccharide as prebiotic |
Placebo | Significantly improved obesity-related markers in obese people | Song, Han et al. (2020) |