Table 1.
General characteristics of the participants by diabetic retinopathy
| Characteristic | DR− | DR+ | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2709 | 514 | – |
| Age, years | 67.11 ± 8.48 | 66.96 ± 7.92 | 0.710 |
| Men, % | 46.1 | 47.5 | 0.559 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 8 (3,15) | 10 (5,18) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 17.6 | 16.4 | 0.518 |
| Beyond high school education, % | 52.1 | 53.4 | 0.577 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.89 ± 3.59 | 25.29 ± 3.63 | 0.019 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 7.73 ± 2.34 | 8.25 ± 2.84 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.42 ± 1.33 | 7.78 ± 1.53 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.12 ± 1.19 | 5.17 ± 1.21 | 0.343 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.56 (1.11, 2.24) | 1.43 (1.08, 2.09) | 0.498 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.21 ± 0.3 | 1.20 ± 0.29 | 0.766 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 3.16 ± 0.84 | 3.22 ± 0.86 | 0.176 |
| ACR, mg/g | 12.0 (7.0, 26.0) | 16.0 (9.0, 42.5) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 91.56 ± 16.90 | 92.69 ± 16.76 | 0.161 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 144.11 ± 19.51 | 148.40 ± 20.30 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.63 ± 10.88 | 78.63 ± 10.80 | 0.999 |
| DKD, % | 24.7 | 34.9 | < 0.001 |
| CVD, % | 36.1 | 41.0 | 0.035 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 62.9 | 62.8 | 0.866 |
| Leukocyte (× 109/L) | 6.44 ± 1.68 | 6.38 ± 1.62 | 0.480 |
| Lymphocytes (× 109/L) | 2.09 ± 0.65 | 2.09 ± 0.80 | 0.923 |
| Neutrophils (× 109/L) | 3.77 ± 1.28 | 3.74 ± 1.17 | 0.608 |
| Monocytes (× 109/L) | 0.38 ± 0.12 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.013 |
| insulin therapy, % | 15.8 | 26.6 | < 0.001 |
The data are summarized as the mean ± SD for continuous variables with a distribution, the median (interquartile ranges) for continuous variables with a skewed distribution or a numerical proportion for categorical variables
CVD cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, DKD diabetic kidney disease, DR diabetic retinopathy, BMI body mass index, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ACR albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular infiltration rate