Table 1.
Clinical Demographics
| Baseline demographics and pretreatment conditions of enrolled participants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 27) | Cohort A (n = 2) | Cohort B (n = 21) | Cohort C (n = 4) | ||
| Age (years) | Range (median) | 29–84 (59) | 49–84 | 45–75 (62) | 29–66 (54) |
| <50 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
| 50 to <70 | 14 | — | 11 | 3 | |
| ≥70 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Gender | Male | 17 | 2 | 14 | 1 |
| Female | 10 | 0 | 7 | 3 | |
| Body mass index | Weight (kg)/height (m)^2 | 29.7 | 28.5 | 29 | 34.3 |
| O2 support category | Mechanical ventilation | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| BI-PAP | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| High flow oxygen (HFNC) | 5 | — | 4 | 1 | |
| NRB | 10 | 0 | 11 | 0 | |
| NC | 4 | 1 | 3 | — | |
| Room air | 1 | 1 | — | — | |
| Illness before treatment | Duration (days) | 15 | 6.5 | 16 | 11.3 |
| Illness before admission | Duration (days) | 8.5 | N/A | 9.6 | 1.7 |
| Pre-existing comorbidities | Pre-T2DM | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| T2DM | 20 | 1 | 18 | 1 | |
| Hypertension | 12 | 1 | 10 | 1 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Any condition | 25 | 2 | 20 | 3 | |
| Stage of ARDS (PaO2/FiO2) | Mild (200 to ≤300) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Moderate (100 to ≤200) | 11 | 1 | 10 | 0 | |
| Severe (<100) | 13 | 0 | 9 | 4 | |
All participants met criteria for moderate-to-severe ARDS based on clinical presentation, acute onset, noncardiogenic etiology, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤200 mmHg. In total, 86% of the patients in the study had either T2DM or pre-T2DM. Although the early stages of the COVID-19–associated viral pneumonia may not be entirely consistent with ARDS in many patients, PaO2/FiO2 ratio remains a vital oxygenation metric.
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BI-PAP, bilevel positive airway pressure; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen ratio; HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; PaO2, pressure of arterial oxygen; NC, nasal cannula; NRB, nonrebreather; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.