Figure 4.

Summary of the strain stimulus, osteocyte stimulus, effector cell response, primary surface response, morphological/tissue-level adaptations, and mechanical consequences of the four mechanoadaptive pathways: formation modeling [A], targeted remodeling [B], disuse-mediated remodeling [C], and resorption modeling [D]. Bone cross-sectional schematics are presented as circular for simplicity; actual cross-sections are heterogeneous in shape and have varying cortical thicknesses around the marrow cavity.