Fig. 5.

Higher levels of anxiety-related behavior during early development in APA rats. a Emission of isolation-induced 40-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) [n/min] averaged over the four testing days and shown separately for postnatal days (PND) 5, 7, 9, and 11. b Test chamber used for measuring isolation-induced 40-kHz USV. c Time spent on closed and open arms [s] in the elevated plus maze. d Time spent in the center [s] of the open field on two consecutive days. e Acoustic startle response [mV] measured during the habituation phase of the pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle test. f Pup body weight gain [g]. g Pup body temperature [°C] measured after the isolation period. h Pup righting reflex [s] after placing the pups on their back. i Juvenile and adult body weight gain [g]. *p < .050