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. 2020 May 28;40(7):1787–1800. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314508

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© 2020 The Authors.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 3. — The effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on immune parameters. A, Significance of the difference in levels of several inflammatory markers between individuals with and without MetS. Red indicates that the marker is significantly higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome and blue means it is higher in those without. The first column is for all individuals, and the second and third are for women and men, respectively (false discovery rate [FDR] corrected per column). B, Significance of the interaction effect between sex and metabolic syndrome. Red indicates that the increase of women with metabolic syndrome vs those without was significantly lower than men with metabolic syndrome vs those without, that is, red means men show a stronger increase than women or women show a stronger decrease than men. C, Interaction effects for each individual medical condition used to score metabolic syndrome with sex. Each individual is scored as either having the condition or not, and interaction effects are calculated in a similar way as in (B). Similarly, red means men show a stronger increase than women, or women show a stronger decrease than men; blue means the opposite. The left part shows the P values not corrected for multiple testing, and the right part shows the FDR-corrected P values. D, Same as (A), but for cell counts. E–H, Example plots split into women and men with and without metabolic syndrome. E, IL-6, (F) leptin, (G) adiponectin. H, Similar to (G), but for the validation cohort. I, Plot showing Spearman correlations between leptin and IL-6 for the 4 categories: men with MetS, men without MetS, women with MetS, and women without MetS. Note: P values in (A and D) were calculated using linear regression by testing the null hypothesis that β=0 for relationship between metabolic syndrome status (independent variable) and a continuous parameter (dependent variable), see Methods for details. The interaction effects of (B and C) were calculated using linear regression, with the null hypothesis that β=0 for the interaction effect between sex and metabolic syndrome status (independent variable) and a continuous parameter (dependent variable).