Table 4.
Cross-sectional effect sizes for coping and emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
| Internalizing Symptoms | Externalizing Symptoms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level I: Domains | k | n | r | 95% CI | Q | k | n | r | 95% CI | Q |
| Total Coping | 12 | 2867 | −.01 | [−.13, .11] | 109.98 | 4 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Adaptive Coping | 13 | 3077 | −.04 | [−.16, .08] | 113.87 | 7 | 4949 | −.11 | [−.20, −.02] | 25.41 |
| Maladaptive Coping | 5 | 1266 | .27 | [.18, .36] | 9.05 | 2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Adjusted value | .22 | [.12, .31] | 17.99 | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Emotion Regulation | 15 | 6437 | −.23+ | [−.34, −.11] | 282.21 | 18 | 7682 | −.27+ | [−.37, −.17] | 337.34 |
| Level II: Factors | K | n | R | 95% CI | Q | k | n | r | 95% CI | Q |
| Problem-Focused | 18 | 6597 | −.07 | [−.14, .00] | 113.83 | 4 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Emotion-Focused | 13 | 4728 | .11 | [−.02, .23] | 182.02 | 7 | 3276 | .03 | [−.12, .17] | 55.89 |
| Engagement/Approach | 48 | 17987 | −.07 | [−.14, −.01] | 735.70 | 25 | 21437 | −.04 | [−.09, .01] | 178.07 |
| Adjusted value | −.02 | [−.08, .04] | 1019.11 | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Disengagement | 29 | 14684 | .18 | [.12, .24] | 360.67 | 7 | 3924 | .13+ | [.04, .22] | 31.92 |
| Primary Control | 20 | 7205 | −.17 | [−.24, −.10] | 154.75 | 6 | 1739 | −.23 | [−.33, −.14] | 15.46 |
| Adjusted value | −.14 | [−.21, −.07] | 170.67 | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Secondary Control | 23 | 8295 | −.25 | [−.32, −.18] | 226.05 | 6 | 1815 | −.30 | [−.38, −.22] | 13.24 |
| Adjusted value | −.20 | [−.27, −.13] | 319.61 | −.29 | [−.37, −.20] | 15.98 | ||||
| Social Support | 42 | 18599 | .02 | [−.02, .05] | 246.08 | 21 | 14441 | .00 | [−.06, .07] | 239.28 |
| Level III: Strategies | K | n | R | 95% CI | Q | k | n | r | 95% CI | Q |
| Problem-Solving | 45 | 27447 | −.03 | [−.07, .01] | 408.12 | 16 | 10497 | −.02 | [−.08, .03] | 98.05 |
| Emotional Expression | 6 | 2171 | .08 | [−.10, .25] | 78.00 | 2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Emotional Suppression | 10 | 10618 | .13+ | [.03, .22] | 165.15 | 6 | 2150 | .02 | [−.02, .07] | 6.11 |
| Cognitive Reappraisal | 31 | 23541 | −.05 | [−.10, .00] | 356.78 | 10 | 8633 | −.03 | [−.08, .03] | 36.11 |
| Acceptance | 12 | 6686 | .04 | [−.05, .12] | 119.82 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Distraction | 25 | 7950 | −.04 | [−.10, .03] | 189.55 | 11 | 3114 | .06 | [−.02, .14] | 37.55 |
| Avoidance | 65 | 29570 | .17 | [.14, .20] | 458.96 | 32 | 25255 | .09 | [.05, .13] | 271.68 |
| Adjusted value | .16 | [.13, .19] | 496.08 | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Denial | 12 | 6880 | .10 | [.03, .17] | 80.14 | 2 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Note: Bolded text indicates the effect size or Q statistic was significant at the p < .05 level.
+
Indicates the Egger’s test analyses were significant for the effect size. Adjusted values were calculated for any effect size in which the trim and fill analyses indicated significant publication bias. Adjusted values indicate the effect size when the trim and fill procedures are applied.