Table 1. Characteristics of inpatients with T2DM with and without vascular complications.
| Vascular complications | Microvascular complications | Macrovascular Complications | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, 904 (26.8) * | Yes, 2466 (73.2) * | No, 1431 (42.5) * | Yes, 1939 (57.5) * | No, 1639 (48.6) * | Yes, 1731 (51.4) * | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–39 | 173 (84.4) | 32 (15.6) | 177 (86.3) | 28 (13.7) | 195 (95.1) | 10 (4.9) |
| 40–59 | 409 (39.2) | 634 (60.8) | 559 (53.6) | 484 (46.4) | 673 (64.5) | 370 (35.5) |
| ≥60 | 322 (15.2) | 1800 (84.8) | 695 (32.8) | 1427 (67.2) | 771 (36.3) | 1315 (63.7) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 442 (25.8) | 1271 (74.2) | 736 (43.0) | 977 (57.0) | 786 (45.9) | 927 (54.1) |
| Female | 462 (27.9) | 1195 (72.1) | 695 (41.9) | 962 (58.1) | 853 (51.5) | 804 (48.5) |
| Education | ||||||
| University/college | 148 (42.0) | 204 (58.0) | 217 (61.6) | 135 (38.4) | 201 (57.1) | 151 (42.9) |
| Class 7–12 | 396 (30.0) | 926 (70.0) | 612 (46.3) | 710 (53.7) | 677 (51.2) | 645 (48.8) |
| Class 1–6 | 254 (22.2) | 890 (77.8) | 426 (37.2) | 718 (62.8) | 510 (44.6) | 634 (55.4) |
| No qualification | 106 (19.2) | 446 (80.8) | 176 (31.9) | 376 (68.1) | 251 (45.5) | 301 (54.5) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Never worked/retired | 356 (19.0) | 1516 (81.0) | 654 (34.9) | 1218 (65.1) | 780 (41.7) | 1092 (58.3) |
| Non-manual worker | 343 (44.5) | 428 (55.5) | 460 (59.7) | 311 (40.3) | 494 (64.1) | 277 (35.9) |
| Manual worker | 205 (28.2) | 522 (71.8) | 317 (43.6) | 410 (56.4) | 365 (50.2) | 362 (49.8) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 799 (27.6) | 2096 (72.4) | 1267 (43.8) | 1628 (56.2) | 1412 (48.8) | 1483 (51.2) |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 105 (22.1) | 370 (77.9) | 164 (34.5) | 311 (65.5) | 227 (47.8) | 248 (52.2) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 500 (25.2) | 1488 (74.8) | 837 (42.1) | 1151 (57.9) | 914 (46.0) | 1074 (54.0) |
| Rural | 404 (29.2) | 978 (70.8) | 594 (43.0) | 788 (57.0) | 725 (52.5) | 657 (47.5) |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 727 (25.2) | 2155 (74.8) | 1190 (41.3) | 1692 (58.7) | 1350 (46.8) | 1532 (53.2) |
| No | 177 (36.3) | 311 (63.7) | 241 (49.4) | 247 (50.6) | 289 (59.2) | 199 (40.8) |
| Smoking (current status) | ||||||
| No | 735 (27.1) | 1978 (72.9) | 1132 (41.7) | 1581 (58.3) | 1353 (49.9) | 1360 (50.1) |
| Yes | 169 (25.7) | 488 (74.3) | 299 (45.5) | 358 (54.5) | 286 (43.5) | 371 (56.5) |
| Alcohol drinking (current status) | ||||||
| No | 826 (27.5) | 2179 (72.5) | 1286 (42.8) | 1719 (57.2) | 1487 (49.5) | 1518 (50.5) |
| Yes | 78 (21.4) | 287 (78.6) | 145 (39.7) | 220 (60.3) | 152 (41.6) | 213 (58.4) |
| Family history of T2DM (any parent or sibling) | ||||||
| No | 578 (26.3) | 1616 (73.7) | 927 (42.3) | 1267 (57.7) | 1059 (48.3) | 1135 (51.7) |
| Yes | 326 (27.7) | 850 (72.3) | 504 (42.9) | 672 (57.1) | 580 (49.3) | 596 (50.7) |
| T2DM duration (years) | ||||||
| ≤1 | 69 (49.3) | 71 (50.7) | 100 (71.4) | 40 (28.6) | 87 (62.1) | 53 (37.9) |
| >1–5 | 365 (46.8) | 415 (53.2) | 502 (64.4) | 278 (35.6) | 514 (65.9) | 266 (34.1) |
| >5–10 | 226 (30.3) | 520 (69.7) | 339 (45.4) | 407 (54.6) | 390 (52.3) | 356 (47.7) |
| >10 | 244 (14.3) | 1460 (85.7) | 490 (28.8) | 1214 (71.2) | 648 (38.0) | 1056 (62.0) |
| Blood glucose level (HbA1c, %) | ||||||
| <7% | 171 (28.4) | 432 (71.6) | 271 (44.9) | 332 (55.1) | 300 (49.8) | 303 (50.2) |
| ≥7% | 699 (26.1) | 1979 (73.9) | 1112 (41.5) | 1566 (58.5) | 1287 (48.1) | 1391 (51.9) |
| Unknown | 34 (38.2) | 55 (61.8) | 48 (53.9) | 41 (46.1) | 52 (58.4) | 37 (41.6) |
| T2DM therapeutic regimen | ||||||
| Lifestyle modificationi only | 149 (40.5) | 219 (59.5) | 207 (56.2) | 161 (43.8) | 211 (57.3) | 157 (42.7) |
| Lifestyle modificationi + OADii | 250 (30.0) | 584 (70.0) | 401 (48.1) | 433 (51.9) | 412 (49.4) | 422 (50.6) |
| Lifestyle modificationi + insuliniii | 111 (27.6) | 291 (72.4) | 172 (42.8) | 230 (57.2) | 205 (51.0) | 197 (49.0) |
| Lifestyle modificationi + OADii + insuliniii | 394 (22.3) | 1372 (77.7) | 651 (36.9) | 1115 (63.1) | 811 (45.9) | 955 (54.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| 18.5–23.9 | 363 (25.0) | 1087 (75.0) | 589 (40.6) | 861 (59.4) | 687 (47.4) | 763 (52.6) |
| <18.5 | 25 (18.7) | 109 (81.3) | 43 (32.1) | 91 (67.9) | 67 (50.0) | 67 (50.0) |
| ≥24.0 | 492 (29.8) | 1158 (70.2) | 753 (45.6) | 897 (54.4) | 835 (50.6) | 815 (49.4) |
| Unknown | 24 (17.6) | 112 (82.4) | 46 (33.8) | 90 (66.2) | 50 (36.8) | 86 (63.2) |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 398 (39.7) | 605 (60.3) | 537 (53.5) | 466 (46.5) | 619 (61.7) | 384 (38.3) |
| Yes | 506 (21.4) | 1861 (78.6) | 894 (37.8) | 1473 (62.2) | 1020 (43.1) | 1347 (56.9) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | ||||||
| No | 184 (22.3) | 641 (77.7) | 326 (39.5) | 499 (60.5) | 384 (46.5) | 441 (53.5) |
| Yes | 706 (28.0) | 1814 (72.0) | 1083 (43.0) | 1437 (57.0) | 1238 (49.1) | 1282 (50.9) |
| Unknown | 14 (56.0) | 11 (44.0) | 22 (88.0) | 3 (12.0) | 17 (68.0) | 8 (32.0) |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
idiet and physical activity.
iimetformin, acarbose, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and/or thiazolidinediones.
iiilong-term insulin, intermediate insulin, rapid-acting insulin, and/or premix insulin.
*n (%).