(A-C) Downregulation of Perm1 and Smyd1 in mouse hearts subjected to TAC surgery for 4 weeks, where left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (LVFS) were significantly decreased as compared with sham-operated hearts (n = 4/group for Perm1 expression, n = 8-10/group for Smyd1 expression) (also see S1 Table). Consistent with previous studies in the mouse skeletal muscle [10, 25, 26], Western blotting analysis shows two isoforms of Perm1 at 90 kDa and 100 kDa in the mouse heart (Panel B). (D-F) Downregulation of Perm1 and Smyd1 in patients with heart failure, where LVEF was significantly decreases as compared with donor hearts (n = 7 in donor group, n = 9–10 in heart failure patients, also see S2 Table). Statistics were performed using the t-test with 2 tails. *: p<0.05. Error bars are ±SEM.