Table 4.
Summary of findings from cardiac rehabilitation studies.
| Author; Design |
Cancer types |
Follow up, weeks |
N | Measurement method, units |
Baseline Mean (SD) |
Follow-up Mean (SD) |
Change Mean |
P-value | Direction pre-post |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017[21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Bruce protocol, VO2 peak mL/kg/min | 20.2 (4.7) | 20.8 (4.6) | +0.55 | 0.50 | No change |
| Young-McCaughan et al. 2003 [28]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 45 | Bruce protocol, VO2 peak converted to METs | 7.3 (2.1) | 8.4 (2.1) | NR | 0.001 | Increased |
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | Bruce protocol, VO2 peak mL/kg/min | 16.9 (5.1) | 19.6 (6.2) | +2.7 | group difference p=0.71, within subject p= 0.001; between subject p= 0.98 | Increased |
| 27 controls | 16.4 (4.2) | 20.2 (5.8) | +3.8 | Increased | |||||
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27]; RC | Breast | 22 | 152 | Bruce protocol, VO2peak mL/kg/min | 20.96 (6.4) | 23.94 (6.8) | +3.0 (95% CI 2.4, 3.5) | <0.001 | Increased |
| Walk test/ gait speed | |||||||||
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 142 | 6-minute walk test, meters | 534 (171) | 583 (157) | +8.3% | 0.003 | Increased |
| Rothe et al. 2018 [29]; QE | Hem | 14 | 30 | 6-minute walk test, meters | 484 (95) | 532 (98) | NR | < 0.001 | Increased |
| Morris et al. 2009 [24]; RC | Mixed | 8 to 12 | 30 | 6-minute walk test, meters | 360 (126) | 437 (122) | +77.1 | < 0.001 | Increased |
| Rothe et al. 2018 [29]; QE | Hem | 14 | 30 | gait speed, meters/second | 1.35 (0.22) | 1.47 (0.22) | NR | < 0.05 | Increased |
| Grip strength | |||||||||
| Rothe et al. 2018 [29]; QE | Hem | 14 | 30 | left grip strength, kg | 38 (13) | 40 (12) | NR | NR | Increased |
| Rothe et al. 2018 [29]; QE | Hem | 14 | 30 | right grip strength, kg | 39 (13) | 42 (13) | NR | <0.01 | Increased |
| Balance | |||||||||
| Rothe et al. 2018 [29]; QE | Hem | 14 | 30 | timed-up-and-go, seconds | 6.6 (2.2) | 6.5 (2.2) | NR | NR | No change |
| Strength | |||||||||
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 142 | chest press, 1 repetition maximum, pounds | 63.7 (41.2) | 81.3 (44.2) | +21.6% | < 0.0001 | Increased |
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 130 | leg press, 1 repetition maximum, pounds | 115.7 (40.7) | 147.4 (39.9) | +21.5% | < 0.0001 | Increased |
| Cardiovascular health | |||||||||
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | resting heart rate, beats per minute | 70.7 (15.1) | 64.7 (10.5) | −6 | group difference p=0.41, within subject p= 0.002; between subject p= 0.55 | Decreased |
| 27 controls | (bpm) | 67.6 (13.2) | 64.1 (12.3) | −3.5 | |||||
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | resting systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 126.9(18.8) | 125.7(12.7) | −1.2 | group difference p=0.22, within subject p=0.56; between subject p=0.10 | No change |
| 27 controls | 133.7 (18.5) | 132.5 (17) | −1.2 | ||||||
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | resting diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73.1 (7.5) | 72.7 (7.5) | −0.4 | group difference p=0.64, within subject p=0.12; between subject p=0.99 | No change |
| 27 controls | 74.2 (10.2) | 71.0 (9.9) | −3.2 | ||||||
| Anthropometries | |||||||||
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 (5.3) | 27.7 (5.2) | 0 | group difference p=0.68, within subject p= 0.51; between subject p=0.67 | No change |
| 27 controls | 27.9 (3.5) | 28.0 (3.3) | +0.1 | ||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Body fat, dual X-ray absorptiometry, % | 45.8 (5.3) | 46.8 (6.9) | +1.0 | No change | |
| Bonsignore et al. 2018 [20]; RC | Prostate | 26 | 27 with cancer | Body fat, % | 29.2 (8.6) | 28.7 (8.4) | −0.5 | group difference p=0.93, within subject p=0.41; between subject p=0.72 | No change |
| 27 controls | 28.9 (8.8) | 30.9 (10.5) | +2.0 | ||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | weight, kg | 84.3 (15.0) | 85.9 (15.9) | +1.6 | 0.31 | No change |
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27]; RC | Breast | 22 | 152 | weight, kg | 72.7 (17.7) | 72.1 (17.3) | −0.6 (94% CI −0.1, −1.1) | 0.031 | Decreased |
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27]; RC | Breast | 22 | 151 | waist circumference, cm | 88.5 (14.1) | 86.4 (131.4) | −2.2 (91% CI −1.3, −3.0) | <0.001 | Decreased |
| Physical Activity | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Actical, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, hours | 2.5 (7.4) | 0.5 (1.0) | −2.0 | 0.35 | No change |
| Young-McCaughan et al. 2003 [28]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 31 | Motionlogger Actigraph, counts per minute | 199.3(24.7) | 197.3(30.9) | NR | 0.10 | No change |
| Fatigue | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Piper Fatigue Scale | 5.4 (2.6) | 4.6 (2.3) | −0.73 | 0.09 | No change |
| Edmonton Fatigue Scale | 4.8 (3.2) | 3.6 (2.7) | −1.2 | 0.09 | No change | ||||
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 141 | Fatigue Symptom Inventory | 15.7 (12.2) | 10.0 (11.8) | +36.3% | <0.0001 | Decreased |
| Depression | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Edmonton Symptom Assessment System | 2.8 (3.4) | 1.9 (2.7) | −0.96 | 0.06 | No change |
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 152 | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | 5.3 (4.0) | 3.7 (3.5) | +25.1% | <0.0001 | Decreased |
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27]; RC | Breast | 22 | 130 | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 13.3 (9.4) | 11.8 (8.7) | −1.5 (95% CI −0.2, −2.7) | 0.019 | Decreased |
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Edmonton Symptom Assessment System | 3.0 (3.5) | 2.7 (3.1) | −0.3 | 0.45 | No change |
| Dittus et al. 2015 [26]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 154 | Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 | 2.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (3.2) | +18.5% | 0.042 | Decreased |
| Quality of life | |||||||||
| De Jesus et al. 2017 [21]; QE | Breast | 16 | 17 | Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) | 72.8 (18.3) | 77.6 (17.4) | +4.8 | 0.02 | Increased |
| Young-McCaughan et al. 2003 [28]; QE | Mixed | 12 | 42 | Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System Short Form (CARES-SF) | 46.8 (8.6) | 44.3 (10.1) | NR | 0.03 | Increased |
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27]; RC | Breast | 22 | 83 | Functional Assessment Of Cancer Therapy – Breast (FACT-B) | 101.5(23.9) | 110.6(20.0) | +9.0 (95%CI 5, 13.1) | <0.001 | Increased |
| Dolan et al. 2018 [27];RC | ranged from 80-85 | Short Form-36 Health Status (SF-36), 8 scale domains | pre scores ranges from 40 to76 | post scores ranged from 58 to 83 | all domains improved from pre to post except for bodily pain | bodily pain p=0.311; other 7 domains p ranged from < 0.001 to 0.020 | Increased | ||
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index, cm=centimeters, Hem=hematological, kg=kilogram, METs=metabolic equivalent of task, NR=not reported Rothe et al. measured outcomes at three time points – before stem cell transplant, 6 weeks after transplant which was pre-cardiac rehabilitation, and at post-cardiac rehabilitation. Data presented in table is from pre and post cardiac rehabilitation and p-values are reported pairwise comparisons between pre and post cardiac rehabilitation time points.
CARES-SF QOL – lower scores indicate better QOL