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. 2020 Jun 23;10:10142. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67039-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Role of monocytes in MSC bioreactor immune reprogramming. PHA/IL-2 stimulated PBMCs were cultured in static tissue culture flasks for 4-days. On day 2 and day 4, monocytes (~2.8 M/ bioreactor) were added into PBMC flask (in the monocyte addition group in gray). At day 4, after addition of monocytes PBMCs were perfused in bioreactor for 24 hours via circuits seeded with 0, or 9 ×10⁶ MSCs per device (A). Following 24-hours of perfusion, the cells were assayed via flow cytometry (B) and supernatant was assayed for TNFα and IL-10 levels both without and with monocyte addition (C). Overall, the addition of monocytes to the PBMCs enhanced the MSC immunomodulatory effects as shown by changes in lymphocyte population, TNFα and IL-10 levels (D). A student’s t-test was performed on each set (**p ≤ 0.01 *p ≤ 0.05). Graphs show average values + standard deviation (n = 1 donors, n = 3/donor).