Table 3.

Results for toxicity associated with indium quantum dots

QD	Model	Administration	QD concentration	Exposure duration	Toxicity	Ref
InPZnS QDs	Hydra vulgaris	Direct exposure	70 nM	72 h	Hydra is very susceptible to aquatic pollutants; these QDs may not represent a concrete risk for environmental health	Allocca et al. 2019
Indium-based QDs (CFQD)	Female Lister Hooded rats	IV injection	12.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg	90 days	QDs mainly accumulated in the liver and spleen and were excreted from the body gradually and possess good biocompatibility	Yaghini et al. 2018
InZnP and InZnPS QD	Human skin samples	In vitro	6.25–200 nM (cytotoxicity and cell proliferation), 12.5–100 nM (oxidative stress) or 50 nM (comet assay, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electron microscopy)	24 h	Toxicity of pristine QDs was essentially non-toxic and the toxicity of aged QDs, which proved to be all toxic	Tarantini et al. 2019