Fig. 2.

Dietary carbohydrates modulate regulation of energy expenditure and metabolic function in response to high-fat diets. A and B: average measurements of respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen consumption (V̇o₂), metabolic rate, and the spontaneous activity monitored over a 24-h period in male and female mice exposed for 12 wk to low-fat control (LF); high-fat (HF); high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS); or high-fat ketogenic (HFKETO) diets. Calorimetric recordings were made using a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS). Values are means ± SE (n = 4 per group). *P < 0.05 denotes statistical significance vs. LF and ‡P < 0.05 denotes significance vs. HFKETO. C and D: average daily food intake and percentage of food consumption during the inactive (day) and active (night) circadian cycle measured in male (C) and female (D) mice exposed for 12 wk to HF, HFHS, or HFKETO diets. Values are means ± SE (n = 4 per group).