Fig. 4.

Dietary carbohydrates modulate in vivo oral glucose tolerance and β-cell function in response to high fat diets. A and C: mean blood glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and plasma insulin concentrations measured at time 0 (basal) and 15 min after oral glucose bolus (glucose) in male and female mice exposed to low-fat control (LF); high-fat (HF); high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS); or high-fat ketogenic (HFKETO) diets. B and D: insulin stimulation index (expressed as 15-min insulin/0-min insulin) and insulin-to-glucose ratio calculated at 15-min post-OGTT administration in male and female mice exposed to LF, HF, HFHS, and HFKETO. Values are means ± SE (n = 4–10 per group). *P < 0.05 denotes statistical significance vs. LF and ‡P < 0.05 denotes significance vs. HFKETO.