Fig. 5.

A: gene expression of muscle regulatory growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; P = 0.0002) in tibialis cranialis muscle. B: fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle fractions. C and D: protein expression of proteins involved in anabolic signaling: phosphorylated (P-) protein kinase B (Akt) ^Ser473, P-ERK ^{Thr202/Tyr204}, P-proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (P-PRAS40 ^Thr246), P-mechanistic target of rapamycin (P-mTOR ^Ser2448), P-ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (P-P70 S6K1 ^Thr389), P-4E-binding protein 1 (P-4EBP1 ^Ser65/Thr70), and P-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (P-eIF4E ^Ser209). Values are means ± SD. Statistical analysis was via unpaired t test. ***P < 0.001 vs. control group (Ctrl). Molecular mass is in kilodaltons. MyoG, myogenin; OE, overexpressed group.