Table 1.
Primer sequences
| Gene | Forward 5′–3′ | Reverse 5′–3′ |
|---|---|---|
| FNDC5 | CTTCATGTGGGCAGGTGTCAT | ATTGGGCTCGTTGTCCTTGAT |
| PGC-1α | CATGTGCAGCCAAGACTCTG | AAAGCTGTCTGTGTCCAGGT |
| TFAM | GACTTCTGCCCACTGAATGC | AAGCAAACGGCAGAACTCGT |
| NRF1 | GACCATCAGCAAAGCCGTGA | ACGTAAGCTCTGCCTGGTTG |
| UCP1 | GCTCCTCCACAAATAGCCCTG | CGGAAGTTGTCGAACTCACCA |
| UCP2 | AGCAGTTCTACACCAAGGGC | TGGAAGCGGACCTTTACCAC |
| UCP3 | CGCCTGGAACAGAACAAAGC | TAACAGTGCAGGGTTCCGTC |
| ATP5J2 | CGAATTTCTGCGGACAACAGG | CTGCAATACCACTGGGGGTG |
| ATP2A3 | TGCTGTTTTCTGGCACCAAT | CAAATTCATCCAGCTTGCGCT |
| MYOD | CTGCTCTGATGGCATGATGG | CTCCACTATGCTGGACAGGC |
| MYOG | GTGAATGCAACTCCCACAGC | CGAGCAAATGATCTCCTGGGT |
| MRF4 | TAAGGAAGGAGGAGCAAGCG | GGGAGTTTGCGTTCCTCTGA |
| IGF-1 | CAGAGCAGATAGAGCCTGCG | TGGGCAGGAATAATGAGGCA |
| MSTN | ACCATGCCTACCGAGTCTGA | ATCCACAGCTGGGCCTTTAC |
| FOLLISTATIN | GTGTGCCATGAAGGAAGCTG | TCCGAGATGGAGTTGCAAGA |
| REDD1 | GTCTAGTGCCCACCTTTCAGTT | GCTCGGAGCTGTAGAGTTTCTT |
| BCL-2 | TTCATCACAACCCACCTCTCTG | TGCAAGTCCCAACACTCGGG |
| BAX | CCAGGATCGAGCAGAGAGGAT | TGTTGTTGTCCAGTTCATCGC |
| ATG7 | CAGCCTGTTCATCCAAAGTTCTTG | CTGTGGTTGCTCAGACGGT |
| ATG5 | CAGAAGCTGTTCCGTCCTGT | CCGTGAATCATCACCTGGCT |
| CSTL | CTATCGCCACCAGAAGCACA | ACCACACTGGCCCTGATTCT |
| MURF-1 | CCAAGGACAGAAGACTGAACTGA | CTCCTGCTCCTGAGTGATCC |
| ATROGIN-1 | CCAAAACTCAGTATTTCCATCAG | GACTTTGCTATCAGCTCCAACA |
| CASPASE-3 | CGGACCTGTGGACCTGAAAA | CGGCCTCCACTGGTATCTTC |
| M-CALPAIN | TCGGCATCTATGAGGTCCCA | ATTCTTGTGGGGCTCGAAGG |
| GLUT4 | GGCCGGGACACTATACCCTAT | TCCCCATCTTCAGAGCCGAT |
| HK2 | TGGTTTCAAAGCGGTCGAACT | TCGAGTAGAGAAACCGAGGC |
| GYS1 | CCTGCTCAGAGTGAATGGCA | TTGGCTGTGTCCCATAGCTG |
| GAPDH | CTCTCTGCTCCTCCCTGTTC | CGATACGGCCAAATCCGTTC |
ATG5 and ATG7, autophagy-related genes; ATP2A3 and ATP5J2, ATP synthesis genes; BAX, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-associated X; FNDC5, fibronectin type III domain-containing 5; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; GYS1, glycogen synthase 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; MRF4, myogenic regulatory factor 4; MURF-1, muscle RING-finger protein-1; MYOD, myogenic differentiation; MYOG, myogenin; NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage response 1; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; UCP, uncoupling protein.