Extracellular vesicle (EV) upregulation of arginase 1 (Arg1) decreases nitric oxide (NO) production. A: a Griess assay was performed on supernatant collected from LPS/IFNγ-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with CDC-EVs or vehicle control. Following treatment with CDC-EVs, macrophages exhibited significantly decreased secretion of NO [n = 3, means ± SE, main effect EV treatment F(2,3) = 24.9, *P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA]. B: M1 BMDMs transfected with Arg1 siRNA and treated with CDC-EVs showed no difference in NO production compared with no EV vehicle control (n = 3, means ± SE, P > 0.05, two-way ANOVA). KD, knockdown.